第二章 英文写作的要素与技巧
第一节 怎样写好段落
词、句子、段落和篇章是组成文章的四要素。而段落则是文章的最主要组成部分。一篇文章要想在内容上达到统一连贯，那么每个段落就必须有一个段落主题。段落主题是指每一个段落所要表达一个思想或观念。每个段落的主题对整个段落起概括统领作用，限制每个段落的发展和内容。当这些不同段落的主题分别支持或辅助解释同一篇文章的主旨时，整篇文章的中心思想就被表达出来了。
一般说来，每一个段落都可以分成三个部分：主题句、发展句和结论句。主题句主要是表达段落的主要内容，又称段首句，它对整个段落起概括作用，是英文段落的最主要的部分。主题句不仅对整个段落进行总结，让读者明白该段主要讲什么，还可以用以限定段落的范围，使整个段落在内容上保持一致，避免了散乱和不连贯。发展句主要是用具体的事实对主题句进行发展、证明或支持。结论句，一般位于句尾，是对全段进行总结、归纳或作出结论的句子。结尾句应该与段首句遥相呼应，用不同的方式表达同一个意思。
段落的基本特征
1、一致性
段落的一致性是指整个段落在内容上保持一致。这就要求每个段落必须有一个自己的主题，而段落中其他所有的句子都必须围绕这一主题展开论述论证，说明同一个问题，从而保持内容上的一致性。例如：
Finding a part-time job in a college town is not easy. On one hand, students are many and of various majors. On the other hand, jobs are few. It is not unusual to see a long waiting list for just one or two positions. Sometimes, even when you finally get a job opportunity, the working hours do not fit in your schedule for classes and experiments. Before you can make any adjustment, the vacancy has already been filled. However, there are many opportunities in cities. Thus, finding a part-time job in a college town is highly competitive.
第一句是这篇文章的主题句。它给读者的第一印象是，本段主要讲述学生在城市选找兼职非常不容易，那么接下来整个段落就应该围绕找兼职不容易这一主题进行讨论，使用事例说明这一主题。但第七句话却成了在城市中有很多兼职工作，说明兼职很容易找的到，违背了主题，所以应该被删除。修改后的段落为：
Finding a part-time job in a college town is not easy. On the one hand, students are many and of various majors. On the other hand, jobs are few. It is not unusual too see a long waiting list for just one or two positions. Sometimes, even when you finally get a job opportunity, the working hours do not fit in your schedule for classes and experiments. Before you can make any adjustment, the vacancy has already been filled. Thus, finding a part-time job in a college town is highly competitive.
2、连贯性
也即句子的顺序性。是指段落中所有的句子都应该围绕同一个主题有层次、有步骤的展开论证，给人一种有逻辑、有条理的感觉，而不是杂乱无章的罗列在一起。例如，我们来看下面一段话：
（1）At the same time, they have to fit the working hours in the already crammed schedule. （2）Even if they finally make a balance between working and schooling, most of them find themselves too tired to finish the assignments before the deadline. （3）They have to go to classes, finish assignments, writing papers, and prepare for examinations. （4）Therefore, these students should not work too much. （5）Students who both work and attend school lead busy lives. （6）Otherwise, they will live a hectic campus life.
上面这一段的所有句子都围绕第五句进行讨论，符合一致性的原则。但是由于这些句子没有按逻辑顺序进行排列，所以很难让读者明白该段主要讲什么。如果我们将句子的顺序按照531246的顺序进行调整，就可以组织成为一段层次清楚，连贯性强的文字。调整后的段落为：
Students who both work and attend school lead busy lives. They have to go to classes, finish assignments, writing papers, and prepare for examinations. At the same time, they have to fit the working hours in the already crammed schedule. Even if they finally make a balance between working and schooling, most of them find themselves too tired to finish the assignments before the deadline. Therefore, these students should not work too much. Otherwise, they will live a hectic campus life.
3、完整性
指构成一个段落的句子都应围绕同一个主题按照提出论点，分析论点，和作出结论的顺序，对段落主题进行说明、解释、分析、支持和论证。缺少了任何一个部分或几个部分都称不上是一个完整的段落。这几个部分就像人的各个生理器官，它们之间相互联系、相互协调，缺一不可。我们来看下面一句话：
Decorating a dormitory room is a challenge.
这一句提出了一个主题或者说论点，但下文并没有以此为中心展开讨论，从而使本句话成为一个没有内容的段落，不能使读者明白“装饰寝室到底是怎样的一个挑战”。为了使该段在内容上完整，给读者一个明确的答案，就必须提供适当的论据来展开论证该段的主题。请看下列：
Decorating a dormitory room is a challenge. Last Sunday, we decided to decorate our 14 square meter room for the New Year. So we went shopping from store to store, and finally bought wallpaper, Chinese paintings and some plastic flowers. Then, we spent the whole day sticking the wallpaper, rearranging the furniture so that the paintings and flowers would stand out best. However, comments from the girls in our class were very discouraging. They said that the room was still an absolute mess.
这样以来，围绕第一句展开讨论，举出事实来进行论证说明，该段在内容上就完整了。
段落的写作技巧
前面我们已经提到了段落是由主题句、发展句和结论句三部分组成的。同样的，文章也是由三大基本部分构成的，即文章的开篇、文章的主体和文章的结尾部分。每个部分都有自己的特定的写作方法。要想写好整篇的文章就必须掌握每一部分的写作技巧。
一、 开篇的技巧
万事开头难。文章好的开头是成功的一半。一个好的开篇既要使文章能够顺利开展，又要引人入胜，抓住读者的注意力和兴趣，激发读者急于读下去。同时，文章的开篇还应该在一定程度上提示全文的主题，让读者可以预先知道整篇文章要讨论什么问题。为了能更写好开篇，就需要掌握几种开篇的写作技巧。以下是几种常见的开篇的写作技巧。
（1）主题句法
这种方法是在文章的一开头就点明全文的主题思想，然后围绕主题思想展开发挥。使用这种方法可以紧扣文章的中心，不易跑题，所以在作文中比较常用。
The Difference Between Plants And Animals
There are several characteristics which distinguish plants from animals.
Generally speaking, plants are able to manufacture their own food, by using substances in the environment through the process which is known as photosynthesis. They can grow very well if they have enough sunshine, rain-fall and fertilizer. In contrast, all animals, including man, get their food either directly from the plants or indirectly by eating animals which feed on plants or other animals. Animals, therefore, need a wide range of food than plants.
Plants are stationary. They do not have the power to move. Animals, on the other hand, can usually move about. Consequently, plants appear to be less sensitive than animals although they respond in some ways to light, heat, physical contact and other stimuli.
Plants are usually green. Animals, however, are very diverse in external appearance. They may appear in any color you can think of.
文章一开头就点明主题：人与动物有几个不同点。这样不仅使主题清晰，使读者对文章有一个大概的了解，而且可以在后面的分析中紧扣文章主题，使文章论点显得明确、有力。
（2）引语法
指在文章的开头引用一些与中心思想相关的名人名言、成语谚语、格言或俗语，使文章富有哲理。这些引语一般已经被大家所接受，从而能够使自己的观点比较容易的被读者接受。使用此种方法时应特别注意引语要与正篇文章的风格相适应，否则会起到适得其反的作用。
As the proverb says, “No one makes the value of health until he loses it.” In other words, nothing is more valuable than health.
It is clear that health is the foundation of one’s future success. If you become sick, it is nearly impossible to pursue your career effectively, much less make your dreams come true. On the other hand, if you are stout and strong, you can go all out to overcome the obstacles that lie ahead of you.
Now that we know that health is the resource of our energy, what should we do to maintain and enhance our health? First, we should exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, we might as well keep good hours. If we get up early, we can breathe fresh air and see the sunrise. This habit can do wonders for our outlook on life. Third, there is a proverb that says, “Prevention is better than cure.” If you pay close attention to your health, you can avoid getting sick, or at least cure yourself of a disease while it is still in its incipient stage.
In conclusion, health is more important than wealth. Those who are rich but lose their health are no more fortunate than those who are poor. If you want your wish to come true, health is the most important ingredient of your success.
通过引用言语，顺其自然的提出了文章的中心议题：健康的身体胜于一切，从而为下面的论证打下了基础。文章的一开头用一句谚语引出主题，显出作者的独具匠心，不仅使文章有一个新颖的开头，而且直接引出文章主题，就此展开讨论。
（3）定义法
定义法指对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，做到有章可循，然后再围绕主题展开论述。定义法多用于说明文和议论文中。
Perseverance
Perseverance means steadfastness in attaining an aim. It is perseverance that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulties and discouragements. And it is perseverance that makes us famous in due course. Therefore, it is very important to everyone, especially those who undertake great tasks.
It is generally agreed that in doing things whether great or small, there are more or less difficulties, and the greater the thing is, the more difficulties that will come forth. But it is much better for one to persevere than to despair. Mencius said, “When heaven is about to confer an office on a man, it first exercises his mind with suffering, and his sinews and bones with toil. It exposes his body to hunger, and subjects him to extreme poverty. It confounds all his character, and increases his efficiency.” Let us face the natural tests with great courage and take them with perseverance.
给文章下定义是作文中常用的方法之一，这种方法可以使文章的主题明确，同时也限制了主题的范围，以便文章的下文进行讨论。
（4）数字统计法
指为得到读者的认同，使读者对文章的主题有一个初步的感性认识，可以在文章的开始使用具体的数字，借以引出文章的主题
According to the graph, the rise and fall of the rate of car accidents in Walton City varies with the seasons. From January to March last year it increased by 68 % , from March to June it dropped by about half the previous rate; and from June to August there was a steep rise of 66. 6 %. After that, however, there was a steady decrease, and this makes us optimistic that car accidents are declining in Walton City.
There are three reasons for this improvement. First, new traffic regulations have made drivers more careful. Second, more people are using bicycles for transportation. Third, in the later part of the year good weather made the roads safer to drive on.
This year, major roads have been repaired and the number of public buses has been increased. Moreover, a traffic safety campaign has made all the local people more aware of the dangers of unsafe driving. So, I am confident that there will be even fewer car accidents in Walton in the future.
文章通过列举一系列的数字来说明沃尔顿市的交通情况，进而引出文章的主题“交通事故减少的原因”，为下文的分析打下基础。
（5）提问法
在起始段通过提出与主题相关的一个或一连串问题，可以激发读者的注意力和兴趣，从而引出主题。
What is happiness? To this question different people give different answers. Children usually think it happy to eat something delicious or play with interesting toys, while parents consider it joyful to see their sons and daughters succeed. For a stamp collector, a rare stamp brings more delight than delicacies. For an inventor, a successful design more than anything else gives him greatest satisfaction. Although happiness varies from person to person in its meaning, it is the goal all people pursuing.
Happiness is of great importance in everyone’s life. This chief attraction charms people to work hard, making success still more successful and helping the disappointed cheer up. It always promises hope by which some people go on living when one has suffered a great deal and comes to the edge of despair, it is often happiness which he imagines will come that gives him the courage and desire to struggle again.
Happiness is related to health. A happy mind often makes a strong body. A good doctor who knows it notices whether his patient is happy or not. If his patient is not happy he tries to make the patient in good mood. In this way he can cure the disease sooner. On the other hand, unhappiness itself is a kind of disease which hurts health and shortens life. It is well known that anxiety makes young people turn gray-haired and disappointment deprives the victim of ambition. Shakespeare said, “One who is unhappy can never get a beneficial result.” Let’s remember his warning and keep a smile on our face.
设问句的使用不仅可以引出文章要讨论的主题，而且可以使读者进行自问，思考这个问题，从而吸引读者看下去。
（6）惊语法
采用令人惊奇的语句开头往往能制造出离奇、引人入胜的效果
A Thirsty World
The world is not only hungry, but also thirsty. This may sound strange, since nearly seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered with water. But about ninety percent of this is sea water. Man and most of the animals can only drink and use the remaining percent of water—fresh water.
The need for water is increasing day by day. Only steps are taken to deal with this problem immediately can we avoid a severe world-wide water shortage later on. One of the first steps is to develop ways to reuse it.
Experiments have already been carried out in this field. The used water has been pumped to a water-purifying plant. There, it can be separated from waste matter and treated with chemicals so that it can be used again, just as if it were fresh water from a spring.
人会口渴，怎么世界也会口渴？用这样一个奇怪的问题来开头，立即引起了读者的兴趣，引导读者读下去。
（7）背景法
介绍事件发生的时间、地点、人物等背景情况，为事件的发展创造条件，使后文的发展顺其自然。也可以用在议论文中，对要讨论的问题做一些背景分析，以便为下边的论述做铺垫。
In recent years more and more homes are being pushed outwards as the activities of business, government and pleasure tend to be concentrated in the centers of the cities. Although most people are reluctant to move to the outskirts of the cities, I feel like living in the suburbs.
It is true that the city can provide much convenience and entertainment, the very reason why people can't bear to part with city life. But the cost for the privilege of living in the city is also high. What's more, there is more gas and noise pollution in the city, which is full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the roar of buses and taxies, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. In contrast, living near the countryside one can enjoy the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the quiet, peaceful surroundings --- the essentials of a healthy life. Although living in the suburbs one may suffer a little discomfort brought about by the necessity of traveling miles to work every day, it means nearly nothing when thinking of the high cost and heavily polluted environment of the city.
The new suburban life is fast becoming a predominant pattern of living in most cities; and with the improvement of traffic and the perfection of services, it will prove to hold great superiority over city life.
此议论文通过对当今城市的布局做出大体介绍从而引出了要讨论的中心论点“住在市郊还是市中心” ，从而为下面的论述创造条件，使读者对要讨论的中心问题的情况有一个大致的了解。
二、 结尾的技巧：
好的开篇能激发读者阅读的兴趣，而好的结尾具有画龙点睛的作用。它在深化文章的中心思想的同时，还能够给读者留下深刻的印象，回味无穷。在记叙文和描述文中一般不会要求使用总结段落，但在说明文和议论文中常用概括的语言结束文章，以达到深化主题或发起号召的目的。文章的结尾也有很多方法，下面就介绍几种常见的方法。
（1）总结法
作者在文章结束时用几句话总结和重申文章的主题思想，不但可以给读者留下深刻的印象，还可以通过这样的结尾传送一些特定的具体信息。
Hard Work is Good for Health
Scientists find that the hard-working prestigious people live longer than average men and women. Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidences show that the jobless are in poorer health than job-holders. An investigation shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%, the death rate increases correspondingly by 2%. All this comes down to one point: work is helpful to health.
Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy, away from loneliness and solitude. Researches show that people feel unhappy, worried and solitary when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are busy. Many high achievers who love their careers feel they are most happy when they are working hard. Work serves as a bridge between man and reality. By work, people come into contact with each other. By collective activity, they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work means the loss of everything. It affects man spiritually and hence makes him liable to disease.
Besides, work gives one the sense of fulfillment and a sense of achievement. Work makes one feel his value and status in society. When a writer finishes his writing or a doctor successfully operates on a patient or a teacher sees his students grow, they are happy beyond words.
From the above we can come to the conclusion that the more you work the happier you will be and the more healthy as well.
在文章的结尾进行总结，不仅可以重申文章的主题，使主题更加明确；而且可以再次引起读者的思考，深化人们对问题的认识。
（2）建议法
在文章结尾处提出个人的建议，向全社会发出号召应该做什么和应该怎么做，引起读者对作者观点的共鸣。
Energy
China is rich in various kinds of energy resources. Fuel resources and water resources are the two richest ones. Besides, we also have other kinds of energy resources, such as solar energy, nuclear resource, coal resource and so on.
These rich energy resources, however, are being used up rapidly. Fuel resource, for example, is reducing very fast. According to estimation, fuel resource will be exhausted in hundreds of years. But no substitute has ever been found to replace it. Energy crisis will threaten our existence because of people’s extravagance and the rapid growth of population.
To avoid crisis in the future we should take some actions. People should be educated not to squander energy resources with no thought for the future. Family planning should be carried out in a down-to-earth way to control the populating expansion. Some new experiments should be conducted to find new energy resources as soon as possible.
建议的提出，不但提出了解决问题的办法，还可以引导人们去思考，从而寻求更多更好的解决办法。
（3）诘问法
通过对主题进行诘问来结束文章，增加文章力度，引起读者思考并展开丰富的联想。
Looking Forward to the 21st Century
I am eagerly awaiting the arrival of the 21st century, because it promises exciting new developments in science and technology. First of all, it is likely that telecommunications will expand by leaps and bounds. Secondly, more progress will be made in medicine. And thirdly, the coming century will see mankind really come to grips with environmental pollution.
As far as communications are concerned, e-mail and the Internet will probably become available all over the globe, enhancing mutual understanding and making wars less frequent. Advances in medicine will enable us to live longer and healthier lives, and science and technology will provide more tools for tackling the pollution problem.
However, there will be new challenges to face in the new century. Population will continue to grow, putting pressure on the food supply. Moreover, there is a danger that people will become too dependent on machines to look after them, leading to a weakening of their spiritual lives.
Then what should I do to prepare myself for the 21st century? I intend to prepare myself for the 21st century by keeping abreast of the latest developments in science and technology. But at the same time, I will not neglect cultural pursuits. How about you?
文章的开头现论述了二十一世纪可能给我们带来的益处，然后又指出了我们进入二十一世纪可能会面临的挑战，在文章的结尾通过一个问句，“面对这些挑战自己又该做什么呢”，不但对自己，同时对其他人发出号召，从而加深了文章论述的力度。
（4）展望法
在文章结尾处提出对未来的一种期望和预测，让人们对未来充满信心，从而升华文章的主题。
Man Is to Survive
The human race is facing problems which are getting more acute as time goes on. The most serious are shortages of resources, environmental pollution, and the pressure of population growth. In turn, these problems cause poverty, disease and wars.
Pessimists say that the human race is facing extinction. This is because it is now too late to solve these problems, according to them. They predict that resources will become exhausted sooner or later, that pollution will eventually poison the planet, and that unchecked population growth will cause mass starvation.
But I do not agree that mankind is doomed. In the past, the human race has always shown that it has the wisdom to overcome any threat to its survival. In the future, too, mankind will survive by using its wisdom to find a way out of its problems.
文章就威胁人类生存的几个主要问题进行论述，说明了这几个主要问题可能引起的不良后果，悲观主义者对此的反应，以及我们应该采取什么样的措施来解决这些问题。作者在最后的结尾对如果采取良好措施后我们应该会有一个多么美好的未来进行展望，不但让人充分认识到采取措施的重要性，还使人信心大增，促使人们更加积极的参与措施的实施，从而升华了文章的主题。
三、 主题扩展艺术
也就是主体段落的写作技巧。在文章开篇之后，就要深入展开主题，运用各种方法对主题进行详细讨论，要做到条理清楚、论证有力。文章主题发展的好坏，是评价一片文章成败的关键，所以我们应该掌握几种展开文章段落的方法，这样才会得心应手。常用的文章展开段落的方法主要有：
（1）例示法
通过举出具体的事例来证明中心思想。这种事例可以是作者亲身经历过的，也可以是历史上的名人轶事。例示法的关键在于所举事例的代表性和典型性，只有这样的事例才能够充分的论证主题，如果列上一些风马牛不相及的事来滥竽充数，只能收到相反的效果。例示可以通
过下列连接词表示。
Fire can also be harmful. Fires burn and kill many people every year. Sometimes big fires burn forests, kill thousands of animals living in it and cause great damages to the wood resources and the natural environment. Large amount of property gets lost every year when buildings are burned down.
这个段落围绕中心句“火可以制造灾难”展开论证，通过举一系列的例子来加强论证，从而使论点更加有说服力。
（2）因果关系法
通过提示事物间的关系来展开段落。强调结果的文章往往把原因写在开头，然后分写几种结果。强调原因的文章则将结果写在开篇，然后分述几种原因。与此相对应的两种写作模式分别是：一是先说原因，再解释结果；另一种是先说结果，再解释原因。
The Problem of Human Population
The world’s population keeps growing at tremendous speed. No wonder people call it vividly as population explosion. It is estimated that by the next century, the world’s population will reach 7,000 million.
There are many problems closely related to population explosion, for example, food shortage, housing problem, unemployment, and so on. These problems have been inflicting on human beings, if they couldn’t be solved satisfactorily, one day even our survival might be threatened.
Birth control, though sounds inhumane, is for sure a way out. Besides, rational population distribution can do some extent alleviated the severity of the problem.
这篇文章采用了先因后果的论述方法，先提出论点“人口过剩”，进而说明产生此问题的原因，然后分析此问题可能会导致的后果，从而顺其自然的提出应该解决的措施和办法。因果分析方法的使用使整篇文章显得有条理，逻辑清晰自然，论证有力。
（3）比较对照法
比较对照法是指通过比较两个关联事物或一个事物的两个方面的差异和相似点，使读者明白所介绍的事物。比较对照法可以先介绍一个事物或一个方面，再介绍另一个事物或方面；也可以同时阐述，逐条比较。
Sports
Nowadays, more and more people pay attention to exercise. However, sports have advantages and also disadvantages.
Sports benefit us in many respects. When taking part in sports, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our bodies. There is no doubt that proper sports activities keep our physical fitness. Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health. Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playground he not only struggles for himself but also fights for his team. Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism to failure.
But sports can do some harm to those who cannot plan their activities properly. Too hard training may hurt their bodies, exhaust their vigor, and even cause them to become sick.
In general, I love sports. I enjoy sports. For sports not only help me to live a well-balanced life, but also provide me with opportunities to get closer to nature. Sports add happiness to my everyday life when I perform in a decent way.
通过比较运动的益处与害处，使读者对运动这一论题的利弊一目了然，从而自然而然的引出结论。
（4）时间顺序法
根据事物发展的时间顺序展开论述。此法多用在记叙文中。按照时间顺序推进事物的发展，使文章清晰明了，有逻辑性。
William Blake was born and brought up in London. He was sent to a drawing school when he was a child. Then at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to James Basire, an engraver. After his 7-year term was over, he studies briefly at the Royal Academy of Arts. In 1779, he began to earn his living as an engraver, receiving commissions from publishers both for book illustrations and for engraving from pictures. At the age of 24, he got married. His marriage proved to be a life-long happiness. Through all his life, Blake made himself to be both a poet and an engraver.
此段描述性质的文章主要讲述了诗人布雷克一生主要的成长经历。文章按照时间发展的顺序进行描述，使整篇文章显得条例清楚，明白易懂。
（5）分类法
当所述事物内部关系复杂时，就可以使用分类的方法使相关事物成为一体。进行分类既可以保持文章的连贯性，又使文章条理清楚，使人一目了然。
The three stages of the writing process
The whole writing process can be divided into three stages: prewriting, writing, and rewriting.
In the prewriting stage, you try to get clear in your mind what your specific approach to the subject should be, what kind of materials you need, how these materials should be organized and presented to the particular reader you have in mind. In short, you plan the organization and the content of your projected paper. In the writing stage, you work out your plan in detail through the first draft. In rewriting, you examine what you have done and consider where and how the first draft can be improved.
The three stages are not always separated as the previous paragraph may suggest. Sometimes, of course, they are separated. Especially in working on long research papers, you may get extensive notes and prepare and revise several outlines before you begin the first draft, and then, perhaps days later, you may do a thorough revision of the draft. But sometimes, especially in writing short papers, you may plan and revise as you write. And often you will modify your original plan during the writing stage, as the actual writing modifies your ideas.
文章用分类的方式，阐述了文章写作的三个步骤。对怎样写好作文做出了详细的说明。
（6）进程法
是指按照事物发展特定的步骤描绘事物。因为每一阶段都是在某一阶段之前或之后，因而这些过程都遵循时间顺序，从而使整篇文章显得顺序井然，给人一种一气呵成的感觉。
How to Collect Stamps
The best way for a beginner to start a stamp collection is to buy a packet of 500 or 1000 mixed stamps. Such a packet bought from a reliable stamp shop contains only common stamps, but they are clean and in good condition.
Once this start has been made, it is not difficult to add to the collection. Relatives and friends who live overseas or go there for their holidays can be a great help. So can some office workers, as many offices receive a large number of letters from abroad every day, and often the stamps are thrown away with the envelopes.
Stamps can be chosen and bought at a stamp shop, too. But we have to be careful in the types because there are too many stamps in the shops and they will cost you a lot of money. The final requirement is a stamp album. As the collection grows, we need more albums and we can find more pleasure in them.
按照事物发展的顺序来进行描述，不但可以使整篇文章清楚有条例，从而更好的说明问题。文章条理清楚，逻辑合理，是一篇好文章。
（7）细节列举法
是指在主题句后列举一些详细细节，如数据、事例、观点等来证明支持中心思想，使文章显得证据确凿、有理可循。这些细节一般按照重要性的大小进行适当排列。
Smoking
It is almost known to all that smoking is bad for people's health. Scientific researches show that smoking can lead to heart disease, cancer and other problems. The World Health Organization says diseases linked to smoking kill at least 2.5 million persons each year.
Still, many people find it difficult to stop smoking. One reason is that smoking usually becomes a habitual behavior, and habits, whether good or bad are not easy to be given up. Another reason is the effect of nicotine, the substance found in cigarettes works on people somewhat as drugs do.
Measures have been taken to help people keep away from the harm of smoking. In many cities, smoking is forbidden in public places. The danger of smoking is warned of everywhere. And newspapers are asked not to publish advertisements for cigarettes. World "No Tobacco Day" is observed every year as the biggest campaign against smoking.
文章采用细节列举的方法，详细说明了吸烟对人的危害，人们为什么不能戒烟的原因，以及为了戒烟所采取的一系列措施。
第二节 各类文体的写作技巧
英文写作中常见的写作文体主要有下列六种：记叙文、描写文、说明文、议论文、看图作文和应用文。这六种文体，每一种都有自己独特的写作特点、写作技巧、写作方法和写作题材范围。从近几年的六级考试来看，主要是涉及后四种，但是前两种是后面四种的写作基础，而且他们则经常以综合题的形式出现在六级考试中。同学们只有学会区分各种文体之间的异同，熟练的掌握每一种文体的写作方法，才可能在六级考试中取得好成绩。
下面先看看前五种文体的写作特点：
一、记叙文
所谓记叙文，又称叙事文或叙述文，是以讲叙故事或描述人物为主要内容，以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。记叙文主要讲述过去发生的事件和经历，包括历史传记、游记、报导、回忆录和故事等。按照内容来分，记叙文可以分为两种：记人和记事。记人是指以人为主要叙述对象的文章，主要讲述人物的活动、经历、性格等方面。记事则是指以事件为中心的文章，事件的发生、发展和结果是文章的中心。记叙文是一种对写作者要求比较高的文章体裁，在写记叙文时，作者应该注意以下几个方面的内容：
背景必须清楚明了
记叙文就是要叙述事情或人物，所以其语言必须清晰，叙述必须准确。时间when、地点where、人物who 、事情what、原因why、结果how，作为记叙文的六大要素，起到为读者说明情况，交代背景的作用。为了让读者不至于在阅读文章时感到迷惑不解、无所适从，考生必须交代清楚这六大要素。
选材必须要典型
记叙文主要讲述人物或发生的事情，再现当时的情景。但是这并不就意味着考生就像要记流水帐一样，把所有发生过的跟内容有关的事情都一字不漏的记下来。那样只会让读者失去阅读的兴趣。为了避免此事，考生在选择记叙材料的时候就一定要注意题材的典型性和代表性。考生所选的材料必须能突出表现人物或事件的某一特征或某一方面，选取既生动有趣又能紧扣主题的典型事例，避开那些与主题无关的细节。只有这样，才能使文章有声有色，不至于枯燥无味。同时，考生还要注意的是，记叙文并不是说简单的把发生的事件记叙下来就行了，它应该传达作者心灵的一种感受、一种人生体验、人生态度或人生哲理。所以，在写记叙文时，应注意文章中心思想的升华，让平凡的小事传达出深层次的东西。
3、注意采用恰当的人称叙述方式
记叙文常常采用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。一般说来，第一人称多以“我”作为故事里的角色，所以叙述比较生动，给人一种作者本人就在现场的感觉，从而让人有身临其境之感。但第一人称叙述常常局限在“我”所见、所闻、所体验的事情，不能直接描写“我”不闻、不见、体验的东西。反之，第三人称则较第一人称客观，缺点是不能描述出人物内心的真实体验。
4、注意采用恰当的记叙顺序
总的说来，记叙文的记叙方式主要有4种：
顺叙：按时间顺序记叙。
倒叙：故事结果在开头，然后再按时间顺序记叙。
插叙：在故事中间插入与主题相关的故事。
夹叙夹议：一边叙述，一边议论，在事情叙述完了以后再对这件事进行议论。在记叙的同时搀杂描写、议论等写作手法不仅可以使文章更生动，还可以深化文章的主题。
作者在写记叙文时，应当注意采用适当的叙述顺序，把文章要表达的思想讲述的更传神生动。
5、注意时态的一致
记叙文多记叙已经发生或正在发生的故事，所以文章中多采用一般现在时、一般过去时和现在进行时等时态来表示动作的状态。但是一定要注意全文的时态要保持一致，以免使读者在阅读时发生混淆。
下面就让我们来看几篇例文：
My Hometown
I come from an isolated, mountainous village in Jiangxi province. The village consisted of two parallel streets with old thatched huts on both sides. The villagers were mostly peasants, and the life there was slow and simple. Most teenagers dropped out of school. Barefoot boys tended water buffaloes and plain-clothed girls did family chores. Pigs, dogs, ducks and chickens wandered casually along dirty streets. A brook, flowing by the village, was paradise. In summer, we went swimming and fishing a lot there.
In my recent visit there I found things have changed greatly. A newly built highway to the nearest town replaced the narrow zigzag stone path. Telephone services are also available. So the village is not farms, orchard, a school and rows of new houses showed up. The villagers are having a colorful life, too. In the morning, kids go to school in neat clothes; at night, they may watch TV or do homework under electric light.
I enjoyed walking in the evening breeze when the peaceful village and the densely wooded surrounding hills were bathed under the moonlight. However, I found, to my dismay, my beloved brook stinks and the poisonous water kills all fish. How I miss the once beautiful brook with clear water gargling day and night.
文章采用顺序的记叙方法，记叙了作者在故乡的曾经美丽而平静的生活。文章的前两段具体的写作者的家乡由一个孤寂的小山村变成了一个充满现代气息的村庄。在第三段却出乎意料的表达了作者内心的遗憾与失望。这种结尾令人回味无穷，引人深思。
二、描写文
描写文是指以描写为主要方式，通过文字刻画再现当时情景的一种文体。描写文可以通过生动形象的文字刻画，真实的再现当时的情景，突出被描写对象的特点，从而使读者获得一种真实的感觉。
描写文是其他文体的基础，它用文字记录下作者所看到、听到和感受到的给作者留下深刻印象的东西。所以它作为其他文体的基础，所使用的题材十分广泛，几乎每种写作题材都可涉及到。适当的运用描写文，可以增添文章的光彩，使文章更加形象生动。因此作者必须拥有很深的文学功底，十分熟练的掌握英文，注意修辞和用词，方可达到这个目的。
描写文的写作应注意以下几个方面的问题：
恰当的描写顺序
描写文的写作必须注意使用一定的描写顺序，或由上至下、或由远及近，或按一定的逻辑顺序，有条理、有层次的展开描写，以便读者理清文章的思路。
适当的描写点
描写文一般都是从某个观察角度出发，抓住被描写对象的某个特点进行描写，所以注意抓住重点，选择一个好的角度，在描写文的写作中就显得十分的重要。描写点如果选择的好，不仅可以开阔作者的视野，从不同的角度去看问题，而且可以使文章的立意明确而新颖。
The Man I Respect Most
Ex-premier Zhou Enlai is the man I respect most. I respect him for his looks, his talent and his simple way of life.
Zhou Enlai was one of those who attracted me like magnet at the very first sight. His thick brows carried thoughtfulness. His bright eyes emitted intelligence. His clear-cut face displayed justice and will power. His gait is always full of vitality.
Zhou Enlai was one of the most eloquent statesmen in the world. He solved by the touch of his hand many of the most complicated problems in China and in the world. His talent was best shown in the “Cultural Revolution”, when he diminished the disaster with his artful resistance. He was therefore compared to a giant rock obstructing that perilous current.
Zhou Enlai was one of the top leaders in China, but his life was very simple. He never took advantage of his position to benefit himself. This sharp contrast to many notorious bureaucrats is highly praised by the Chinese people.
One foreign ambassador once remarked, “Countless foreign leaders have visited China, but none is so great as Zhou Enlai is.” This is indeed very true.
这是一篇以人物为描写对象的文章。文章选取了被描述对象周恩来总理的三个主要方面：外表，才智和简单的生活方式进行描写，在我们面前展现出了一个可敬可爱的总理形象。作者用词准确，生动，富有表现力。
三、说明文
说明文就是指用解释和说明的方法清楚的介绍某个事物的发生、发展、结果、特征、性质、状态和功能等等。其主要目的是给人以知识，或把事物的特征、性质、产生、发展、演变、结束及其相互之间的关系表达明白，解说清楚，或阐明事理。说明文的题材十分的广泛，涉及各个方面，可以是某些词的定义、动植物的结构，也可以是某件工艺的流程、某种活动的重要性等。
写说明文应当注意下列几个方面的问题：
1． 语言必须客观明确。
说明文主要是“说明”，是为了告诉读者某件事，对实物进行客观的描述和解释。所以它必须忠于客观事实，就事论事，而不应该进行夸大或渲染。由于这个原因，说明文的语言应该注意明确，不搀杂作者的任何观点，实事求是的说明对象，不夸大其辞和渲染。说明语言的准确性，是说明文语言的先决条件。表示时间、空间、数量、范围、程度、特征、性质、程序等，都要求准确无误。说明的实用性很强，稍有差错会失之毫厘，谬以千里。在准确的前提下，说明的语言有的以平实见长，有的以生动活泼见长。由于说明的对象和作者语言风格的不同，说明的语言也是多种多样的：或概括，或具体，或简洁，或丰腴，或精练，或详尽，或平易朴实，或幽默风趣，总之不拘一格。
2． 采用适当的说明顺序
说明文的目的是要使读者对某事物有所了解，所以在写说明文的时候，一定要使文章清晰、有条理。说明要有顺序，这是使说明内容条理化的必要条件。常见的说明顺序有：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。说明的时间顺序和记叙的时间顺序相似。空间顺序，要特别注意弄清空间的位置，注意事物的表里、大小、上下、前后、左右、东南西北等的位置和方向。逻辑顺序，常以推理过程来表现。采用什么顺序，主要取决于作者所说明对象的特点。说明事物发展变化，时间顺序容易表示清楚。写建筑物的结构，离开空间顺序难让读者看明白。说明事理用逻辑顺序，正便于体现事理的内部联系。
说明文中常用的写作方法有例证法、类比比较法、因果分析法、过程分析法、定义法等等。在上一章的段落写作技巧中，我们已作过详细的解释和例证，在此就不赘述。
Human Beings and Animals
Human beings are different from animals in many ways. One of the differences is the ability of human beings to build. It is true that many animals are builders. Birds make nests, and bees make hives. But no animals could build the pyramids or the Great Wall or the Eiffel Tower. The variety, size, and beauty of the structures built by human beings is simply unsurpassed.
Another difference is the ability of human beings to use intelligence. Many animals are probably more clever than we realize, but no animal has the ability to write, to reason, or to speak. Only human beings can invent computers, make use of solar energy. Only human beings paint, draw, compose music, and write poetry.
These are but a few of the differences between human beings and animals. It is our special abilities that give us power to affect the world for the benefit of all mankind. We should be thankful for those abilities and learn to use them in a more wise way.
这篇文章在第一段第一句就指出了全文的论点：人与动物在很多方面不同。接下来则按照递进的逻辑顺序详细说明了人与动物之间在哪些方面有所不同。递进关系的使用使整篇文章看起来更加有条理，更加有利于说明人与动物的不同之处。
四、议论文
议论文是采用摆事实讲道理的方式论证某一正确的观点、看法和主张或者批驳某一错误的观点、看法和主张的文章。其目的是为了阐述某一思想，说服读者接受作者的观点和主张，采取某一行动，或改变读者的行为。议论文的目的是为了以理服人，所以它的语言要求必须准确、严密、有说服力，不说无用或无根据的话。
议论文的写作应该注意以下几个方面：
论点必须具有可争议性
议论文的论点必须有可争论性，这样才能引起讨论，它是议论文的灵魂
论据必须充实可靠
论据要充实、可靠，可以使用例子、证言、数据、专家或权威人士的评判等客观的事例来证明和支持论点，它是议论文的躯干。
论证必须严谨而合理
议论文的论证必须严谨，避免各种无根据的假设和错误的三段论，合乎逻辑。可使用的方法有分析、对比、举例、归纳、演绎、反证等等。
需要指出的是，议论文与说明文有着密切的联系，它们二者都含有说明的成分。但不同的是，说明文是客观的解释某一事物、方法及观点等，给读者提供某些信息，不期望能改变读者的思想。而议论文则是通过主观说明、严密的论证，使读者认同或放弃已有的观点。这样，逻辑分析在议论文中就显得格外重要。下面我们就来看几篇范文：
Study Skills
Everybody knows that study skills are very important in our study. Let’s take three commonly accepted study skills for example.
Most good students preview their lessons before class. Previewing can help us to get a rough idea about what our teacher is going to teach in class. After previewing our lessons, we will find it much easier to follow our lectures and concentrate on difficult points. Second, taking notes in class is also important because an experienced teacher never limits his teaching to the textbook and our notes may be used as a reference source later when we prepare our lessons in time. We all know that reviewing is one of the best ways to prevent us from forgetting what we have learnt.
Though different people may have different study skills. Previewing, taking notes, and reviewing are obviously helpful to each of us.
文章开头就提出要讨论的问题：学习技巧非常重要。接下来又以预习、做笔记和复习三个为例子，论证了此论点的正确性。结尾又对全文进行总结，再次重申了学习技巧的重要性。全文论点、论证和论据三者充分结合，使文章成为一个完整的统一体。
五、看图作文
看图作文指根据题目给出的图表或画面进行观察分析，把它们组织成为一篇意思完整的文章。
一般说来，看图作文主要分为两类：一类是图画作文，一类是图表作文。图画作文多数是写成记叙文或描述文，学生要对所给出的图画进行描述从而使之成为一个完整的故事。而图表作文则多为说明文或议论文，要求学生对所给出的图表进行总结和归纳，指明图表所内涵的规律，并以此为论点进行论述表明作者的某种立场或观点。
值得注意的是，看图作文这种作文形式经常是同时交叉使用多种写作体裁。例如：给关键词作文、段首句读写、规定情景等等。无论是哪一种写作体裁，都应注意以下几个方面：
（1）仔细观察题目所给出的图表或图画，对其进行总结分析，作出结论，立出可讨论的论点，进行分析思考，充分发挥想象力，写成一篇完整的文章。
（2）根据图表或图画所给出的内容和故事情节，选择使用恰当的时态。一般说来，常用的时态为：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时和一般将来时。
（3）注意使用适当的逻辑顺序，段落层次清楚，条理分明。
至于看图作文所使用的各种体裁，可参考前面所列出的记叙、描写、说明、议论4种基本写作类型。
Sex Discrimination
Jiang Li is an excellent student graduating from a famous university. She is generally acknowledged as very good in her grade. But she comes across an unpleasant thing when she reports for duty at the unit.
She is plainly dressed—a short-sleeved checked shirt and a white skirt. The diploma is under her arm. The certificate is in her left hand. She looks timid and fresh from the university. The boss in a Chinese tunic suit sits back and holds his head up. When he sees her, he says causally: Woman again! Obviously he is so contemptuous towards the girl. Jiang Li is very upset and puzzles why one’s sex is more important than one’s other qualities.
Equality of the sexes is certainly a very complicated problem. Just having equal right to vote and equal pay for equal work has not solved the problem completely.
(picture 3)
Natural Gas Production
Natural gas is the energy different from other energies. Unlike the energy of coal, natural gas emits no smoke when burning. So it is widely regarded as a clean energy. Furthermore, natural gas also distinguishes itself in convenience from crude oil, which has to be refined and processed in the refineries. Clearly, our natural gas industry should accelerate its production.
According to the chart above, the output of natural gas has increased in the past five years. In 1991, the output was a little more than 15 billion cubic meters while in 1995, it hit 17.5 billion cubic meters. Compared with the previous 4 years, the year 1995 saw the greatest increase in its output. However, the capacity of the gas production is far from being satisfactory.
It is reported that China is rich in natural gas. Recently several gas fields have been confirmed and more gas areas are being explored in northwest and northeast China. With such rich resources, it is high time that the capacity for annual production was largely expanded. We expect the day will come when natural gas with its characteristics of cleanness and convenience enters thousands of factories and households.
(picture 5)
第三章 六级写作题型具体分析
第一节 六 级 写 作 步 骤
一、审题
考试过程中学生在拿到作文卷后首先要做的就是审题。审题的目的是使学生可以充分理解题目的要求，在写作过程中不会偏离主题。如果学生的作文不符合主题，即使文章再有条理，语言再地道，也不会得到及格分，甚至有可能得0分。所以学生应该尽量抓住题目内涵的东西，才不会偏离主题。那么学生应该抓住题目所给出的什么东西呢？
1、体裁 （议论文、说明文、描述文）
当我们拿到作文题后的第一件事就是要明白文章的所要求的体裁和题材。这是因每个体裁都有其特定的写作方法。确定体裁后，我们就一决定采用什么样的方法去写。议论文、说明文和描述文是今年六级考试中经常出现的写作体裁。但是从近些年考试的情况来看，六级作文不仅仅是要求使用某种单一的体裁，而往往是要求综合使用几种不同的体裁。下面我们就来看一个例子：
Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below:
（1） 做合格大学生的必要性
（2） 做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德、智、体等方面谈）
（3） 我打算这样做
第一眼看去，觉得这篇文章是要求用议论文的体裁来写。但是仔细分析我们可以发现，题目的要求综合了说明文、议论文和描写文三种写作体裁。如第一段要求考生就“做合格大学生的必要性”进行论述，应该采用议论的方式；第二段则要求考生说明一下“做合格大学生的必备条件”，应该采用说明的方式；而第三段则要求考生就“我打算怎样做”进行写作，描述一下自己决定该如何做到“一个合格的大学生”。所以，六级考试往往是考察考生综合运用各种体裁的能力。而不是仅仅局限于某一种体裁。
2、确定写作方法
根据不同的体裁确定采用何种写作方法是我们审题的主要目的。六级作文经常是采用三段式的方式。所以考生在审题的时候应该细心的确定每一段的体裁，从而决定使用何种体裁。以我们上面的作文为例，第一段是让考生确立自己的观点，所以应该采用议论文的写作方式。既然是议论文，那么此段就应该包含有论点、论据和论证三个方面的内容。第二段是让考生说明一下如何做一个合格的学生，所以应该采用说明文的写作方式。既然是说明文，那么就应该使用一定的说明顺序，如从德、智、体三个方面，进行系统而明了的说明。第三段是让考生对自己的观点进行一下描述，应该采用描述文的方式。那么考生在写作的时候就应该结合自己的亲身经历和体验对上文的观点进行描述，以证明上文所提出的观点。
二、选择写作模式
考生在确定了命题形式之后，就可以根据我们所给出的写作模式确定选择使用何种写作模式 ，从而在尽量短的时间内确定如何充分、完整、明确的表达自己的观点。
三、根据写作模式进行填空
考生在选择好模式以后，就可以根据写作模式把自己已经构思好的写作内容填入已经给出的模式中，完成作文。但是这并不是说，考生只要根据模式写出文章就可以取得高分。我们所给出的模式只是让考生在写作时可以尽快的写出一篇条理清晰、逻辑性强的作文，不偏离题目给出的要求。考生如果想拿到更高的分数，还应该注意其他方面如多种句式的交替使用、词汇的丰富、地道的表达方式、修辞、语法、标点、大小写等基本的写作元素。而这些就只有靠考生自己的日常积累了。
四、文章的修改
考生在写完作文以后，就要进行最后一步了，那就是文章的修改。文章的修改在写作过程中十分重要，仔细观察可以发现许多不注意的小的问题。关于如何修改文章我们在第二章中已经给出了如何修改文章的一系列方法，考生可以参考第二章的修改方法对文章进行修改。
第二节 写作题型分析
一、段首句作文
段首句作文，也称主题句作文，指的是试卷在给出题目的同时也给出三段的段首句，要求考生根据段首句来补充发展，使之成为一个完整的段落。主题句概括全段的意思，是具体化了的提纲，明确了各个段落的中心思想，同时也限制了各段的内容。它是考生写作的根据所在。所以正确理解段首句是写好整篇文章的关键。从主题句往往能够判断出文章的文体以及各段该采用的扩展方法。有时，给出的段首句不是一个句子，而是一个提示性的短语，如：“in short”、“my idea is that”、“to summary”、“in my opinion”。这些表示结论的短语要求考生能在前两段的基础上进行分析和综合，发表自己的见解，提出自己的意见，实际上它们也是对段落的主旨所做出的限制。从本质上说，段首句作文就是给出文章的骨架，剩下的血肉由考生添加，使文章充实。
段首句作文的类型：
平行式
指各个段落的段首句都表达了一个观点或思想，而这些思想或观点并没有先后主次之分，
也构不成因果、递进等关系。他们只是并列关系。
2、递进式
顾名思义，递进式是指三个段落的段首句构成了一种递进的关系，层层深入，由浅入深。考生如果碰到这样的类型，就要注意在写作的时候也应该合理安排材料，使材料与段首句相呼应，从而使整篇文章显现出一种层层深入、逐步递进的关系。
3、对照式
对照式的三个段首句有很明显的对照特点。它与平行式的不同之处在于，平行式是指三个段落的段首句仅仅是构成了一种并列的关系，而对照式的三个段落的段首句则是在平行的同时又相互对照的。对照式的前两段通常给出一个有争议的问题的正反两个方面，第三段是一个提示性的短语，要求写出自己的观点和看法。这类文章的关键所在是找出争议，把正反双方的观点说清楚，使读者从正反两个方面看清争议的原因和本质，从而为第三段自己的观点打下一个铺垫，使读者认为自己是在把握争议的本质的基础上，有针对性的论述。
4、总结式
总结式是指前两段是两个分论点，第三段是对两个分论点的总结。与对照式不同的是，总结式的两个分论点是不相抵触的，是说一事物的两个不同的方面。第三段的总结是在这两个分论点的基础上的总结和概括。
写段首句作文应注意的问题：
1、正确理解段首句
能够正确的理解段首句是写这类文章的前提。每一个段首句代表一个段落的主题思想，对整个段落起到了提纲挈领的作用。作者必须在正确理解段首句的基础上才能扩展出符合主题的段落。领会段首句时，要反复推敲其含义，找出句中的核心词，因为核心词指明扩展的方向。在扩展段落时，应重点突出、扩大核心词所包含的内容。
把握段落的整体性
每个段落都是整篇文章的重要组成部分，只有各个段落之间相互协调统一，整篇文章才会显得通顺而统一。同样的，组成段落的各个句子之间也必须相互协调，相互关联，服务于同一个段落主题。如果有的句子脱离于中心思想，那就违反了整体性的原则，多余的句子会显得拖沓，从而损害自己所要表达的意思。
3、要注意段落之间的紧凑与连贯
段落的连贯性是要求把所有的句子和段落很好的组织起来，以便更好的为中心思想服务。如果没有弄清楚作文主题和段落之间的必然联系，是平行式、递进式、对照式或总结式，就匆忙下笔，势必造成各段内容松散，前后矛盾。
4、掌握段落比例
段落比例是指保持观点及论证材料的协调性。因为篇幅有限，所以不应过分、过多的阐述一个方面，而忽略另一个方面，应注意各部分之间的平衡。太多的细节是没有必要的，但是太少的细节也很难充分的说明段落的主要意思。细节要说在点子上，主次分明，不太重要的观点可以一笔带过。
范文1：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic“Traveling”in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop its idea in completing the paragraph. Your composition should be approximately 120 to 150 words, not including the words already given.
Human development is a history of learning to control the environment. ____________
Our history has been a constant struggle to survive the rigors of our environment.______________
Today, many plants and animals are near extinction.______________________
The Human Impact on the Environment
Human development is a history of learning to control the environment. We have learned to produce the constant food supply through farming, to regulate our temperature through use of clothing to build shelters that can withstand even the greatest extremes in weather.
Our history has been a constant struggle to survive the rigors of our environment. Because of this struggle, we often look at the world as an opponent to be conquered, dominated, and exploited. But as we change the environment to fit our needs and desires, we damage the fragile balance of nature, sometimes irreparably. Unfortunately, there are too many people for us to continue this battle with our earth. If the population were small, our impact would not be important. But the impact of five billion people is tremendous.
Today, many plants and animals are near extinction. The food chain is in danger. If we had tried to live with the environment instead of fighting against it, the environment wouldn’t be in danger today. If we continue to misuse it, we will certainly destroy it.
二、关键词作文
关键词作文指的是试卷在给出题目的同时并附上若干与主题密切相关的关键词或短语，让作者把握文章的主题思想，以便构建作文。关键词作文要求考生必须把给出的关键词应用在作文中。试题中给出的关键词对文章的内容组织起着关键性的指导作用，对文章的基调和方向进行了限制。它们可能是能够点出文章主旨，也可能是对文章的整体性起连接作用的词汇。所以，关键词作为写作的最基本的材料，在整篇文章的构建中起着不可忽视的作用。
根据在给出关键词时采用的顺序的不同，可以把关键词作文分为两种类型：
1. 按照字母顺序给出关键词，例如：
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Some Problems about the Existing Examinations. Write no less than 120 words. Be sure to include the following words and phrases.
assess creative ability cultivate evaluate examination skills high scores motivate poor abilities restrict standard of education
2. 按照作文顺序给出关键词，例如：
Directions: In this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of about 120 Words based on the following key words and expressions.
birth rate, population expansion, family planning, industrial nations, developing countries, food supply, land resources, increase, reduce, control
关键词作文的写作要点：
1、紧抓主题，揣摩关键词
关键词作文的审题重点在于仔细推敲关键词所要表达的意思。考生应当仔细推敲题目所给出的关键词，不但要明白每个单词具体的意思，还要把它们联系起来考虑它们可能表达出的内容，从而对文章的构建有一个大体的了解。这种作文的写作完全取决于考生对这些关键词的把握。考生必须把这些关键词全部用上，不可漏掉其中的一个。同时考生必须要注意文章应该采用什么样的文体，也就是根据所给出的关键词确定这篇文章是记叙文、说明文还是议论文等。以“population problems”一文为例，根据题目和关键词可以确定本文应围绕人口这一主题。以六级作文常用的三段模式写出大体框架。
简述一下全世界人口问题的现状。
说明人口问题给全世界带来的不良影响。
提出自己的认识和结论。
2、根据关键词写好提纲
列出一个好的提纲是写好一篇文章的前提。只有列好了提纲，才可以有目的的扩展段落，完成整篇文章的写作。考生在写主题句时要仔细分析，确定哪个关键词可以作为主题句的核心词。“population problems ”一文的主题句可以这样写出：
开篇段的主题句可以用“population expansion”作为核心词。此句可以写为“Population explosion poses a serious social problem around the world .”。
扩展段是文章的核心部分。其主题句应该为“ With population expansion come a train of other formidable problems.”。
结尾段的作用是归纳、概括全文的主旨，同时表述自己对这一问题的看法。本段的核心词应该是“control”。主题句可以这样写：“The most important thing for us today to realize is that we can not go on expanding human population for ever and that it is high time we took urgent and immediate measures to bring it under control.”
3、展开段落
段落的铺开应该围绕主题句进行，仔细考虑，每一个关键词应纳入什么地方。
4、列出提纲
为了更好的保持上下连贯、前后呼应和内容一致，最好列出一个提纲，从而可以避免思路不清、思路混乱。“population problems”一文的提纲可以这样写出：
Population Problems
Outline :
开篇段：
Population explosion poses a serious social problem around the world .
扩展段：With population expansion come a train of other formidable problems.
Food supply can not keep pace with a rapidly growing world population
②Population increasing brings great pressure to bear upon the already diminishing land resources.
结尾段：
It is high time we took urgent and immediate measures to bring it under control
经过已以上四个步骤，就可以自然而然的写出这篇作文。
Population Problems
Population explosion poses a serious social problem around the world, particularly in developing countries, because birth rate has been much higher in developing countries than in industrial nations.
With population expansion come a train of other formidable problems. For example, food supply can not keep pace with a rapidly growing world population, the result of which is that in some African countries many people are already starving to death while millions more suffer from malnutrition. Increasing population means that we not only have to feed more mouths, but also need to create more jobs, build more houses, and provide more education opportunities, thus bringing great pressure to bear upon the already diminishing land resources. All these grave problems threaten the well-being of mankind.
The most important thing for us today to realize is that we can not go on expanding human population for ever and that it is high time we took urgent and immediate measures to bring it under control. In a bid to reduce the population pressure and raise people’s living standards, China, with the world’s largest population, adopted the program of family planning and advocated the policy of “One couple, one child” in the early 1980s. This effort has been very effective and won worldwide acclaim.
三、提纲式作文
提纲作文是指试卷给出考生一些比较粗略的提纲，要求考生根据提纲所规定的情景选择恰当的文体写出符合要求的文章来。相对于其他作文来说，提纲式作文比较容易。提纲式作文具有更大的控制性，而且给出的材料更为明确具体。虽然只给出一个粗略的提纲，但这个提纲已经对文章的选材范围、立意和内容的组织等方面进行了具体的指导和要求，所以更有利于我们了解和掌握文章的主题思想，以及如何围绕这个中心写作。
根据给出提纲的不同，可以将提纲式作文分为两种类型：
给出的是中文提纲。例如：
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following graph which shows the change in the number of film-goers and TV-watchers in a certain city. The title of the composition is: Film Is Giving Way to TV. You should write no less than 120 words for your composition and it must include the following ideas (given in Chinese):
1.电影观众越来越少
2.电视观众越来越多，因为……
3.然而，还是有人喜欢看电影，因为……
一、给出的是英文提纲。例如 ：
Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the title “Recreation” in three paragraphs. Your composition should be based on the following outline. Our part of the composition should be no less than 100 words, not including the words given.
1. The importance of recreations.
2. Different kinds of recreations.
3. Your comment.
提纲式作文的写作要点：
1、仔细研究提纲材料
考生如果碰到这种类型的试题，必须要理清提纲的思路和主题。这是考生写好提纲作文的前提。首先考生要认真、仔细的研究题目所给的提纲材料，弄清楚提纲材料所表达的主要内容，弄明白提纲的各个层次之间的关系以及应该把重点放在哪里等一系列问题。只有对提纲进行认真仔细的研究和分析，才能够构想出合乎要求的作文。
2、有效的利用提纲
提纲作文已给出了考生文章的提纲，也就限制了考生的写作内容和结构。提纲的给出也就是给出了考生各个段落大致的主题句。所以考生如何充分有效的利用已经给出的提纲，达到事半功倍的目的，就显得十分的重要了。考生可以把有些中文提纲直接翻译过来作为一段的主题句，也可以通过扩展英文提纲作为主题句，这样就节省了考生构思主题句的时间。应该注意的是，不能将中文提纲简单的翻译成英文，或者将英文提纲生硬的搬到作文中。提纲作文不是简单的重复提纲材料的过程， 而是在提纲材料的基础上，拓宽思路，合情合理的扩展提纲。
3、扩展提纲
分析提纲材料时，要弄清楚提纲材料所要表达和发展的内容。扩展提纲就是要提炼主题，是加工、补充、扩大提纲材料的过程。以“Film is giving way to TV”一文为例具体分析如何扩展深化提纲材料。
第一段根据提纲要求，应点名主题，简要的谈一谈目前的现状，即电影观众越来越少了。
第二段是本文的重点。具体分析是什么原因让人们不看电影而改看电视了。可以列出三点原因：一是“Television begins to appear in almost every family”，二是“films an be available on video and can be shown on TV,”, 三是“the price of cinema tickets are increasing”。
第三段说明自己对这种现象的看法和态度。我们可以这样写“This does not mean the death of the movie industry. There will always be people who prefer to go out to see a film.”。
通过以上步骤，我们就可以写出这篇作文。
Film Is Giving Way to TV
The latest statistics show that the number of people attending cinemas is getting steadily smaller. At the same time, the number of television viewers is growing at almost the same rate. Experts say that these two trends are connected in three ways.
First, over the past few decades television sets have appeared in almost every home. Second, films very quickly become available on video, and can be shown on the TV screen. Third, it is becoming more expensive to make films, and so the prices of cinema seats are rising.
However, this does not mean the death of the movie industry. There will always be people who prefer to go out to see a film. This is because no matter how good a TV film or video is, it can never be as entertaining as a film shown on the "big screen."
四、命题作文
命题作文是一种不同于其他文体的命题方式。这种作文题因为不加任何限制性的条件或指向性的语言和背景材料，因此有利于考生任意发挥，从而能够比较真实的反映考生的写作水平。尤其是对于基础好的考生来说，命题作文往往给他们带来施展才华的机会。因此这种作文成绩的差距经常很大。
命题作文的写作要点：
1、仔细分析题目
一般情况下，命题作文的题目往往带有一定的隐蔽性，它不会像其他作文尤其是提纲式作文那样有清楚的题目和准确清晰的提纲。考生如果不能正确把握所给题目包含的主题思想，就很容易写跑题，即下笔千言，离题万里。因此审清题目就显得格外重要。审清题目的目的在于弄清楚题目限定的范围有多大，内在涵义是什么。只有审清题目抓住题目的本质才会为写好文章打下坚实的基础。
2、确定作文的体裁
由于命题作文只给出题目，而没有明确的规定出体裁，这就要求考生在审题的同时，弄清楚用什么样的体裁表达主题最为合适。段首句、关键词、提纲式作文通常从题目和所给材料中就可以看出体裁，一般是一题一体。但命题作文不同，它可以是一个题目一种体裁，也可以是一个题目多种体裁。体裁不同，作文的表达方式就会有明显的区别。所以考生在选择体裁时，应多方面考虑，选择一个最适合题目也最适合自己发挥的体裁。
范文1
Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the title “The Hope Project” . The composition should be no less than 120 words.
The Hope Project
Education plays a very important role in modern life. However, in some impoverished rural areas, many children can’t afford the expenses of schooling and have to leave school. They need financial help but our country is not able to invest too much money in it. So under this particular condition, the Hope Project is carried out, which calls on every person to do what he can do to help those children.
The Hope Project is of great importance to our country. In the first place, it will provide opportunities for the children to go back to school where they can obtain much knowledge. As a result, it will enhance the intelligence level in our country and quicken our step of realizing the Four Modernization. Secondly, it can make more people educated. Thus it may indirectly lead to the elevation of people’s living standards.
In my opinion, the Hope Project is of great importance to our country. I hope that more work will be done so that each child who has to leave school in the countryside can get the educational opportunity.
五、看图作文
看图作文是通过对图表或画面的人物、背景、情节、数据等的观察，把它们描述成一篇意思完整的文章。
此类作文在考试中一直占有重要地位。一般说来，看图作文主要分两类：一种是图画作文，一种是图表作文。图画作文的体裁多为记叙文或描述文，使图画成为一个完整的故事。图表作文多为说明文或议论文，表明作者的某种立场、观点或使读者了解一种事物。但每一种作文都不是孤立的看图作文，还可以与其他类型的作文相结合，例如有：给关键词作文、段首句读写、规定情景等等。不管是哪一种类型，一般都应注意以下两个基本要求：
主题明确，能够概括图画所反映的中心主题。
图文一致，文章要包括图画中所反映的全部内容。
此类文章的写作方法在上面第三章里我们已经详细讲述了，在此不再赘言。大家可以参考上面的讲解。
虽然上面我们详细介绍了六级考试中常用的几种写作题型，但是经过总结我们发现，这几种题型又可以重新进行归类，我们把他们归纳成下面的几种类型：
对比观点题型
这种题型又可以分成两种类型：
试题给出两种对立的观点，要求考生对此两种观点分别进行说明论证，最后在结尾部分提出自己的观点和看法。
试题给出两种对立的观点，但是却要求考生选择其中之一作为自己的观点对此进行详细的论证。
阐述主题题型
这种题型多数给出一句话（多数为名言）或者一个主题，要求考生对此进行分析论证并使用事例充实，写成一篇完整的文章。
解决方法题型
这种题型往往要求考生根据题目的要求，对题目中所给出的问题进行分析，说明问题现状，分析出现此问题的原因或后果等等，从而提出解决的办法。
说明利弊题型
这种题型多数是试题给出一个或者两个事物，要求考生就一事物的两个方面或两个事物进行分析比较，得出优缺点，从而提出自己的观点。
图表题型
这种题型可以分为两类，一类是给出图画，要求考生对图画进行说明，此类多为记叙文或说明文。另一类是给出图表，要求考生对图表进行分析，作出结论，并以此为基点展开分析论证，可使用事例充实论证，考生也可提出自己的观点。
我们后面根据这五种题型做出了一系列模板供考生参考，在这里就不再使用范文进行举例说明了。考生可以参考后面的试题模板来学习领略这五种体形。
此外，六级考试中常常会出现这五种题型的混合形式，考生只要根据具体情况把这五种题型进行混合运用就行了，所以我们在此不再赘述。
第四章 模板作文
阐述主题题型
此类题型多为题目给出一句名言或一个主题，要求考生就此进行分析论证，对此进行解释。
其大体的模式为：
TOPIC：
1 阐述名言或主题的内涵或意义。
2 对此进行分析解释，可使用事例使其更充实。
模式1:
What are _____1______ of A ? A’s primary function is to _____2_______.
A also _______3______.
Another function of A is ______4_______.
In addition, _________5_________.
Finally, ________6_________.
In conclusion, _________7_______. 1、 提出要说明的问题。
2、 A的用途一。
3、 A的用途二。
4、 A的用途三。
5、 A的用途四。
6、 A的用途五。
7、 总结全文，8、 作出结论。
Functions of a Newspaper
What are the functions of a newspaper? A newspaper’s primary function is to inform the public. Every day, via newspaper, we receive the most up-to-date news on world, national, and local events.
Newspapers also warn the public of dangers of things like approaching storms, escaped and dangerous criminals, and epidemics. Without newspapers we might have to face these dangers with no advance warning.
Another function of newspaper is to instruct. Newspapers teach us everything from new recipes to how to handle money, the way to start a business, and much more. A newspaper is an inexpensive, life-long teacher that comes to our homes every day.
In addition, Newspapers entertain us. Humorous stories, funny comics, sports and interesting articles keep readers amused year-round. It is nice to know that newspapers do print good news and cheerful stories and not just bad news and depressing stories.
Finally, newspapers also provide advertising space for businesses and individuals. Business advertising informs people of such things as special sales, new stores, services, and products.
Newspapers are probably the world’s greatest and most popular way to receive daily news. But not only do they inform us, they also warn us, teach us, entertain us, and advertise for us. These are important functions that can be of great benefit to the public every day.
基本句型：
1. In conclusion, …
In conclusion, newspaper can provide us with many kinds of knowledge.
基本连词：
1. Finally
Finally, he uses up all the money he has.
2. But
But you cannot just say that he is wrong without proof.
模式2
What is ____1____? The word ________2________. In the case of __3___, the term is appropriate.
First of all, __________4_____. For example, _____5________. Second, ______6______________. Everyday, ____________7__________. Last of all, _________8__________. Usually, _____________9_______. 1. 提出要定义的事物.
2. 对事物下定义.
3. 进一步对事物进行解释.
4. 说明定义的一方面.
5. 举例进行论证.
6. 说明定义的第二方面.
7. 举例进行论证.
8. 说明定义的第三方面.
9. 举例进行论证。
A Baseball Fan
What is a baseball fan? The word fan is an abbreviation of fanatic, meaning “insane”. In the case of baseball fans, the term is appropriate. They behave insanely. They are insane about trivia. And they are insanely loyal.
First of all, baseball fans behave insanely. For example, they wear their official team T-shirt and warm-up jackets to everywhere, cover the walls with items of every kind and go to a game as often as possible. At the game, they form a rooting section constantly encouraging their favorite players and obediently echoing every cheer flashed on the electronic scoreboard. Second, baseball fans are also insanely fascinated by trivia. Everyday, they turn to the sports page and study last night’s statistics. Their bookshelves are crammed with record books, team yearbooks, and baseball almanacs. And if you do not show equal interest of enthusiasm, they look at you as if they doubting your sanity. Last of all, baseball fans are insanely loyal to the team of their choice. Usually, anyone who dares to say to a loyal fan that some other team has sharper fielding or a better attitude could be risking permanent physical damage. Incidents of violence on the baseball field have increased in recent years and are a matter of growing concern.
For the true baseball fan, the time from April to Mid-October is the season of insanity.
基本词组
1. in case of 假使/万2. 一
You can pass the exam in case of trusting yourself.
2. turn to 求助于/转向
She decides to turn to him for help.
3.look at 看/考虑
They would not look at my proposal.
基本模板3
______1_________. This a proverb we learned in high school. Simple as it is, it tells us _________2______________. The pressing problem is ________________3__________________.
People may have different attitudes to it. Some think _________4______.
So _________5___________. Another sort of people do not think this way. ______________6__________.
Now the answer to the question posed in the first paragraph seems obvious. ________7_____________. 1、 提出名2、 言
3、 对名4、 言进行解释
5、 提出要讨论的问题
6、 对观点A进行讨论。
7、 说明观点A的后果
8、 对观点B进行讨论并说明后果。
9、 对问题进行总结并再次阐述中心
Time
“Time and tide wait for no man.” This is a proverb we learned in high school. Simple as it is, it tells an everlasting truth of life. Since time never stops for anyone or anything, so all have to surrender to its quick-passing steps. The pressing problem then is: how to make good use of it?
People may have different attitudes to it. Some think time is never to be used up. If today ends, there is still tomorrow, so they do not think it necessary to finish today’s work within the day. They will forever postpone it to tomorrow. In the end they will accomplish nothing. Another sort of people do not think this way. They know the limit of time. Although as a whole, time is infinite but it is finite to every individual human being. An average person may has 70 years of life, much of which has to be spent on eating, sleeping and other trivial matters. That which one uses on study and work takes only a small part. But it is this small part that really counts. Whether one is successful or one’s work is meaningful depends on it.
Now the answer to the question posed in the first paragraph seems obvious. To work hard and never leave today’s work to tomorrow is best ways to spend time.
基本句型
People may have different attitudes to …
People may have different attitudes to the effects of TV.
Another sort of people do not think that …
Another sort of people do not think that it is harmful to use computer everyday.
基本词组
surrender to 从属于…/服从于…
At last, the parent surrendered to the requirement of the daughter.
make use of 利用…
Learning to make good use of time is equal to save one’s life.
use up 用光/用尽
Using up the water means the end of the people.
depend on 依靠…/服从于…根据…而定/依靠…而定
Parents should let the children form the habit of depending on themselves.
基本连词
since
Since the population of the world is getting larger and larger, we need more and more earth to support the existence of human beings.
so
The water is becoming less and less, so why not try to save water from now on.
if
If you have only three days left in the world, what would you do in these three days?
although
Although he tries his best, he still cannot pass the examination.
基本模式4
Nowadays, _________1____________.
I am of the opinion that ______2______for the following reasons:
First, _________3_______.
Second, ____________4____________.
Last but not least, ________5_____________.
In summary, _________6______________. 1、 提出要讨论的问题。
2、 说明自己支持此观点的原因。
3、 说明原因一
4、 说明原因二
5、 说明原因三
6、 总结全文，7、 重申观点
Why I Take CET-6?
Nowadays, there is an increasing number of people taking the College English test band 6. They feel the need to further their English study after passing CET-4 and use the test as a motive and means to keep on learning English. Still there are some people who think it is unnecessary to take CET-6. They remain satisfied with their having passed CET-4, leave English behind and never study it again.
I am of the opinion that we should take CET-6 for the following reasons:
First, having passed CET-4 only shows that you have mastered the basic skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This is far from enough. We should aim high and achieve more.
Second, with the development of national economy, and the open-door policy of our government, there is an increasing need for using English to communicate. We should not only listen, read and write English well but also speak fluently. CET-6 has a higher requirement of the examinees and can serve as a way to stimulate our study.
Last but not least, CET-6 is set by language experts in a scientific and standard way so as to evaluate a student’s English ability. Many enterprises hire employees with the requirement that they pass CET-6. So to be more competitive in the job market, we also need to further our English study by taking CET-6.
In summary, I take CET-6 not only for the certification but also for the interests it arouses in me to better my English. Even after I pass the test, I will continue learning English.
基本句型
I am of the opinion that …
I am of the opinion that irregular exercise is harmful to the health.
Still there are some people who think that …
Still there are some people who think that water on the earth cannot be used up..
In summary, …
In summary, there are altogether three stages of writing a composition.
基本词组
keep on doing 持续干…
They kept on walking for a while without saying anything.
be satisfied with 对…满意
He is not satisfied with the things that his parents did for him.
far from enough 远远不够
Only learning from the class is far from enough.
not only … but also …不仅…而且…
We should not only read selectively, but also read extensively.
so as to 从而/以便于…
New measures should be taken so as to solve the problem as early as possible.
基本连词
so
We should read extensively so we can learn more outside the class.
基本模式5
As the saying goes, ________1_____.
Once ________2______.
Another time ______________3________________.
From my own experience, I draw a painful lesson _______4________. 1、 提出要解释的名2、 言
3、 使用事例一进行说明例证
4、 使用事例二进行说明例证
5、 总结全文，6、 重申论点
Haste Makes Waste
In my daily life, I always want things to be done quickly, however, the results tend to turn out just the opposite of what I wish. As the saying goes “more haste, less speed”, haste never helps, instead it makes waste.
Once I was in a hurry trying to catch the train to Shanghai. I packed up and put all the things I would need into a suitcase and locked it. Then I took a taxi and boarded the train on time. When I arrived in Shanghai and was comfortably settled in a hotel, I tried to open my suitcase. To my great disappointment, I found I did not have the key with me. I had left it at home without my knowing it.
Another time I was trying to fill a bottle with hot water to warm my feet before going to bed. In a hurry, I took the bottle full of “cold water” and poured it out. While I was pouring and enjoying the sound the liquid made while coming out of the bottle, my brother shouted at me, “Hey, you are pouring out my liquor!”
From my own experience, I draw a painful lesson HASTE MAKES WASTE.
基本词组
tend to 倾向于…
The weather tends to be warmer and warmer.
turn out 证明为…/结果是…
It turns out that the message taken to him has been accepted.
on time 按时/及时
Doing things on time is a virtue.
to one’s great disappointment 令…失望的是
To our disappointment, the teacher did not allow us to have a trip on Sunday.
full of 装满了…
The house is full of people.
shout at 对某人喊叫
It is impolite to shout at others.
基本连词
however
We invite him to our party. However, he refuses to come.
as
As the weather gets warmer and warmer, more and more people wear skirts.
then
If you couldn’t pass the exam, then you would have to make up for it next year.
When
When I was playing the computer, the telephone rang.
While
He is sleeping while his mother knocks at the door.
对比观点题型
此类题型又可分为两种：一种是给出两种对立的观点，考生需就此两种观点进行论证，然后才可以说明自己的观点。另一种是题目要求中给出两种观点，考生需选择其中的一个观点，然后在文章中进行论证。
基本题型一
总体的模式
根据题目要求，对题目中所给的两种对立的观点分别进行论证，说明各自存在的理由，然后提出自己的观点并进行论证。
其大体框架为：
TOPIC： 1. 有些人认为……
2 . 另一些人认为……
3. 我的看法…….
模式1:
It is quite easy to find reasons for__________1_______. First, _______2______. Second, ______3_______. In addition, _____4_______.
However, there are also a number of persuasive arguments advanced in defense of_______5______. In the first place, _______6________. Then, ______7__________.
If I must choose between _______8_______, personally I prefer ______9_______. For example, _____10________. 1、 提出A方面的观点。
2、 支持A方面的理由一。
3、 支持A方面的理由二。
4、 支持A方面的理由三。
5、 提出B方面的观点。
6、 支持B方面的理由一。
7、 支持B方面的理由二。
8、 争论的主题。
9、 自己的立场。
10、 举例说明。
Advertising: Good or Bad?
It is quite easy to find reasons for attacking advertising. First, it tends to be extremely costly and this cost must eventually be paid by the consumer. Second, it uses up valuable human resources. The advertising profession occupies many of the best brains in any country. In addition, from the social standpoint, advertising promotes image over substance and a standardization of taste.
However, there are also a number of persuasive arguments advanced in defense of advertising. In the first place, it has a valuable informative function, helping potential customers know about the characteristic, and prices of products or where they can buy a particular product cheaply. Then, by stimulating demand for successful products, advertising creates jobs in the manufacturing and service sectors.
If I must choose between living in a society with typical advertising or without advertising, personally I prefer the former. West Berlin, for example, symbolizes the former, East Berlin the latter. I have visited both places. I would certainly prefer to live in West Berlin, where the city, its TV programs and its magazines are full of advertisements—and as a result, full of life, interest and especially variety.
基本句型：
It is quite easy to …
It is quite easy to know who would win the game.
First, …. Second, …
First, I would like to know the regulations of this job. second, I need someone else to help me to draw the picture.
In the first place, … Then, …
In the first place, you must turn on the electricity. Then you may turn on the computer to find you documents.
基本词组：
in addition 除此以外/另外
In addition, he also takes English as his second language.
in defense of 以维护/以阻止
They try to find out various kinds of ways in defense of his criticism.
for example 例如
There are several ways to solve the problem of water shortage. For example, we can save our usage of water.
prefer to 偏爱
Between bicycle and car, I prefer to buy a car because it is much faster than bicycle.
full of 充满
His head is always full of strange ideas.
as a result 结果是
As a result, he lost this game because of his carelessness.
基本连词：
however
Most people think that car is more convenient than bus. However, car brings much pollution.
if
If you really insist on your idea, you may lose the support of the people.
模式2：
Those who support ____1______ claim _____2______. Others also point out ____________3_____________.
While opponents say _____4_________. They add _______5_________. Finally they argue that ________6______.
The arguments on both sides are persuasive but certain other factors incline me to vote against _______7_______. Firstly, ____8______. More important, ______9_________. 1、 支持A的观点。
2、 支持A观点的理由一。
3、 支持A观点的理由二。
4、 反对A观点的理由一。
5、 反对A观点的理由二。
6、 反对A观点的理由三。
7、 表明自己的态度。
8、 自己的理由一。
9、 自己的理由二。
Capital Punishment: For or Against?
Those who support capital punishment generally claim it deters criminals from committing crimes for fear of execution and furthermore, some crimes are so terrible that the only appropriate punishment for them is death. Others also point out alternative punishments, such as extremely long prison terms, are a great expense to society and rarely result in rehabilitation.
While opponents say capital punishment does not affect murder rates, but only arouses morbid interest in executions. They add many of the most horrible crimes committed by deranged persons whom nothing would deter. Finally, they argue that if a mistake is made and the wrong person is executed, nothing can be done to right that wrong.
The arguments on both sides are persuasive but certain other factors incline me to vote against capital punishment. These are related to both the present-day world and historical precedents. Firstly, I am horrified by the extremely selective application of the penalty among qualified criminals these days. More important, though, is the historical parallel: In the Middle Ages in Europe, and much later in many places, capital punishment was imposed for minor crimes and executions were public. Hardly anyone today would agree with this, but in those days, exactly the same arguments were used to support capital punishment as are used by proponents today.
基本句型：
so … that
The house is so large that it might hold 3,000 people.
they argue that …
They argue that the right way to solve this problem is to find out the writer of this novel.
基本词组：
deter … from 阻碍…/吸引…的注意力
In their opinion, watching TV can deter people from active thinking.
such as 例如
You can use several methods to write the composition, such as the narrative, the argumentative, etc.
result in 结果是/导致
Too much pressure may result in the inability of action of a person.
vote against 反对
Many people vote against the motive of the government.
incline … to 倾向于
They incline to believe his words though he often lies.
agree with 同意…
I do not agree with his suggestion because it is too naive.
be used to 习惯于…
Living here for a long period, he is used to the custom of the native.
基本连词：
furthermore
Furthermore, I think we should send one more to prepare the meeting.
While
While some vote for this plan, others vote against it.
But
But it is not the right way to solve this problem.
模式3
Should________1______________? Those in favor argue that ______2______. Of course, they assume that _____3_____. Otherwise, they would not _____4______.
On the other hand, many people argue that _______5_________. They are afraid that ______6________. They say _______, so ________7_________..
Personally, I think _________8________. The solution lies in ______9__________. In that way ,________10______________. 1 提出要讨论的问题.
2 提出观点A.
3 说明支持观点A的理由.
4 说明不5 支持观点A的后果
6 提出观点B.
7 说明支持观点B的理由.
8 指9 出不10 支持观点B的后果.
11 提出自己的观点.
12 提出解决的方法.
10. 说明使用解决方法的结果
On Reducing Working Week to 30 Hours
Should people work only 30 hours a week? Those in favor argue that workers deserve more spare time to enjoy their private interests. Of course, they assume that the workers would earn the same amount of money; otherwise, they would not be able to afford their leisure activities.
On the other hand, many people argue that we work to fill up our lives. They are afraid that if we had more time with nothing to do, we should be at a loss as to how to use it. They say ordinary people often lack imagination to amuse themselves, so they would be bored and spend all day watching television.
Workers would no doubt like to get the same pay for fewer working hours. Employers, however, are convinced that if working hour are reduced, less work would be done so they would have to employ more people and make less profit.
Personally, I think the real problem is not the hour of work. The solution lies in making jobs interesting, giving workers longer holidays and opportunities to study during working hours. In that way, they would not waste their spare time.
基本句型:
Those in favor argue that …
Those in favor argue that newspaper can give people different kinds of messages.
They assume that …
They assume that boys are much more intelligent than girls.
They are convinced that …
They are convinced that using this machine may save them a lot of time and money.
Personally, I think that …
Personally, I think firecrackers should be banned in terms of air pollution.
The solution lies in …
The solution lies in the proper use of computer.
基本词组:
in favor 赞成/同意
The exchange rate is in our favor.
fill up 装满/充满/淤积
He filled up the tank with petrol.
at a loss 困惑/不知所措
He was at a loss for words to express his disappointment.
make profit 获利/得益
They believe they can make great profit by using this machine.
lie in 在于
The poverty lies in the ignorance of the people.
基本连词:
otherwise
One should face life with optimistic attitude. Otherwise, one may become disappointed.
however
However, sports can also do harm to people if they do not do it properly.
模式4:
As far as _____1_______is concerned, different people have different ideas. Some think that ________2________. For example, _______3_________.
Other people think that _______4_______. In their opinion, _______5_______.
To me, I think _______6_______. We should _____7_________. 1. 提出要讨论的问题
2. 提出观点A
3. 举例对观点A进行论证
4. 提出观点B
5. 说明支持观点B的理由
6. 提出自己的观点
7. 提出解决方法
Children’s Education
As far as children’s education is concerned, different people have different ideas. Some think that a strict pattern of discipline is necessary from very young, i.e. from the day the understandable communication with their parents begins. For example, there is an old saying, to see a child of three, we can foretell how he will be as an adult. In other words, good characters are formed in people’s early years.
Other people think that children are not adults. In their opinion, it is natural that they all like playing rather than studying anything seriously. Too much discipline will constrain their natural instincts and they will become adult-like children, which is not the aim of children’s education.
To me, I think the proper combination of the above two opinions would be the most correct way in dealing with children’s education. We should not set up too many regulations for children, rather, we should guide them in the development of their characters and natural liking. It is the adults’ duty to find the children’s potential talent and help them get on the way. Of course, if children don’t behave themselves or become very naughty sometimes, a scold or light pat is quite appropriate.
基本句型:
As far as … is concerned, different people have different ideas.
As far as the effects of watching TV are concerned, different people have different ideas.
There is an old saying, …
There is an old saying that practice makes perfect.
To me, I think that …
To me, I think that honesty is the best policy.
基本词组:
deal with 处理/对待
Parents should tell their children how to deal with emergencies.
set up 建立/设立/安排/组织
They set up a series of regulations to restrict the workers.
behave oneself 约束自己的言行
One should behave oneself in front of strangers.
基本连词:
if
If you insist, we can do it according to your requirement.
模式5:
Some people think that ______1______. For example, __________2________.
However, not everyone agrees with the above opinion. Those who oppose the idea believe that __________3_______. They cite the example ________4____________.
To my understanding, _______5______. First of all, _______6__________. Secondly, _________7__________. There are numerous examples _______8_______. Therefore, we should _________9_______. 1. 提出观点A .
2. 举例进行论证观点A.
3. 提出观点B .
4. 举例进行论证观点B.
5. 提出自己的观点
6. 说明坚持此观点的原因一
7. 说明坚持此观点的原因二.
8. 举例进行论证自己的观点
9. 作出结论.
Dream
Dreams are something that one seems to see or experience during sleep. Some people think that a person usually has dreams about activities concerning or related to himself. For example, there is an old saying : “One dreams about what he did during the day.” If one takes an exam in the morning, then probably he will continue answering the questions in his dreams at night.
However, not everyone agrees with the above opinion. Those who oppose the idea believe that dreams are meaningless and disorderly and are the wrong reflection of the real world, and usually too fantastic to explain. They cite the example of a person who dreamed of climbing a tree to the heaven, and when he reached the top branch he did find a door. Opening the door he “entered” the paradise. Actually he simply opened his window and jumped to the ground floor, died a sudden death.
To my understanding, though disorderly, dreams do have meanings. First of all, dreaming is a natural process during sleep. People deprived of dreaming would have serious mental and physical problems, according to scientific study. Secondly, dreams may help creative thinking. There are numerous examples of scientists and poets who found in their dreams during sleep the answers as well as excellent poems which they were pondering during the day. In a certain sense dreaming is the continuation of mental work during the day. The seemingly unrelated and chaotic dreams must have something to do with the dreamers. Therefore, we should delve deeply into the study of dreams in order to have a better understanding about the colorful, clever and sometimes frightful dreams.
基本句型
some people think that …
Some people think that the friend in need is a friend indeed.
however, not everyone agrees with the above opinion.
Those who oppose the idea believe that …
Those who oppose that idea believe that contact lens may damage the eyes.
To my understanding , ….
To my understanding, the first quality of a good friend is honesty.
There are numerous examples …
There are numerous examples that can prove this problem.
基本词组
relate to 有关于…/与…有联系
There are many problems relating to this plan.
agree with 同意
You agreed with me that we could rule out Watson.
dream of 做梦/梦到
The soldier often dreamed of returning home.
deprive of 剥夺…
They deprived him of equal rights with others.
have something to do with 与..有关系/与…有联系
There has something to do with the method he uses.
in order to 为了…
They build many houses in order to hold the orphans.
in a certain sense 在某中意义上
In a certain sense, failure is also the way to success.
基本连词
if
If you do not think of others, you may lose the support of the people.
however,
However, he has to deal with business even on Christmas.
though
Though he moved to the west, they still kept in touch with each other.
therefore
He is facing a big problem now. Therefore, we should try our best to help him.
模式6
What does the word _____1_______ mean? As a verb, it means _______2______. For instance, _______3_______. As a noun, it means _______4_______.
People differ in the understanding of _______5_________. Some say that _____6_________. Other people, however, hold that _______7________.
As far as I’m concerned, I’d like to agree with _______8________. And what’s more, I think that _______9_______. So, why not ______10________? 1 提出要讨论的问题
2 对问题的一方面进行解释
3 举例进行论证
4 对问题的另一方面进行解释
5 提出观点A
6 对观点A进行解释
7 提出观点B
8 提出自己的观点
9 对自己的观点进行解释
10 提出号召
Daydreaming a Little
What does the word “daydream” mean? As a verb, it means to think about something pleasant, especially when this makes you forget what you should be doing. For instance, we often hear people say: “Stop daydreaming! You were meant to finish that hours ago.” As a noun, it means pleasant thoughts you have while you are awake, that make you forget what you are doing.
People differ in the understanding of daydreaming. Some say that daydreaming is not good, that it hampers people’s work and makes people unrealistic. Other people, however, hold that it is more profitable than not, that daydreamers are apt to be optimistic and more creative.
As far as I’m concerned, I’d like to agree with the second group of people. And what’s more, I think that daydreaming is the process of imaginative thinking and it contains the element of creativity. A daydreamer is usually full of hope and looking forward to something bright and happy, which may quite possibly render his or her organic body function better. So, why not daydream a little?
基本句型:
People differ in the understanding of …
People differ in the understanding of the cause of the problem.
Some say that …
Some say that proper nutrition is important for health.
Other people, however, hold that …
Other people, however, hold that today many plants and animals are near extinction.
As far as I’m concerned, I’d like to agree with …
As far as I am concerned, I’d like to agree with his opinion.
基本词组:
think about 考虑/思考
You should think about it before you do it.
be apt to do 易于…
He is apt to believe others.
agree with 同意
They often do not agree with each other. So they often quarrel because of this.
what is more 另外/而且
What is more, please bring some wine next time you come.
look forward to 向往…/期望…
We are looking forward to having a party this weekend.
基本连词:
when
When you reach there, remember to call me.
However
However, several people can pass this interview.
And
They are good friends, and they often help each other.
so
The question is too difficult. So they decide not to do it.
模式7:
In some big cities, ______1__________. People take different attitudes toward it.
Some people think that ________2________ has some positive effects. Most important of all, ________3________. Secondly, ________4___________. Lastly, ________5_______.
On the contrary, some people believe _______6________ should be banned. First, __________7_________. Second, _______8_______. For example, ______9________.
As far as I’m concerned, I prefer ________10_______.
1 提出要讨论的问题，2 说明问题现状。
3 提出观点A。
4 说明理由一。
5 说明理由二。
6 说明理由三。
7 提出观点B。
8 说明理由一。
9 说明理由二。
10 举例进行论证。
11 提出自己的观点。
Should Firecrackers Be Banned?
In some big cities, the government has banned the custom of setting off firecrackers on the most important occasion ---- Spring Festival. People take different attitudes toward it.
Some people think that letting off firecrackers has some positive effects. Most important of all, it is the custom set by our ancestors. We should inherit it. Secondly, it can also create the warm atmosphere of holidays such as Spring Festival, wedding ceremony. No one wants to have a silent holiday. Lastly, it can satisfy our eyes. When the firecrackers rise into the sky, they make a beautiful scene in the sky.
On the contrary, some people believe setting off firecrackers should be banned. First, it costs a lot of money. Every year we spend thousands of yuan on it. Second, it brings us disasters sometimes. For example, if you are not cautious enough or if the firecrackers are in bad quality, you’ll be hurt by them. It can also bring fires to human beings. Firecrackers are the most important factor that causes fires every year.
As far as I’m concerned, I prefer the latter. We can use other ways to create warm atmosphere ----we can use balloons. If we banned it, we can save a lot of money either cost by medicine or by fires. We can relieve from pain caused by firecrackers. Based on these points I’m strongly for the latter.
基本句型
some think that …
Some think that nuclear power plants are fundamentally unsafe.
most important of all, ...
Most important of all, a man must be honest.
on the contrary, some people believe …
On the contrary, some people believe nuclear power is reliable.
as far as I am concerned, I prefer …
As far as I am concerned, I prefer to go there by bus.
based on these points, I am strongly for …
Based on these points, I am strongly for his plan.
基本词组
set off 开始/使(地雷等)引爆/爆发
It is a tradition that we set off firecrackers on New Year’s day.
let off 放(炮.烟火等)/ 不惩罚,饶恕,对…人轻处置/免除(责任等)
He was let off with a fine instead of being sent to prison.
base on 以…为基础/建立在…上
One should always base one’s opinion on facts.
基本连词
if
If you like, I can do it for you.
基本题型二
总体的模式
题目给出两种对立的观点，考生需根据题目的要求，选择其中的一种观点，并以此作为自己的观点进行论证，说明选择此的理由。
其大体的框架为
TOPIC：
1 . 有些人认为……
2 . 我认为（说明理由）……
模式1:
It is usually better to _______1_______. Sometimes, A _2__may get you in trouble or hurt someone. B can result in ________3________.
One of the worst things about A is that ______4_______. Another problem occurs when __________5_________. Furthermore, if you ______, eventually you may _______6____. Do you still remember _____7_________?
Therefore, we can gain such a kind of conclusion. ________8___________. 1． 提出作者自己的观点。
2． 说明观点A可能引发的后果。
3． 说明观点B可能引发的后果。
4． 说明观点A可能引发的后果一。
5． 说明观点A可能引发的后果二。
6． 说明观点A可能引发的后果三。
7． 举例进行说明。
8． 作出自己的结论。
Honesty Is the Best Policy
It is usually better to be honest than dishonest. Sometimes honesty may get you in trouble or hurt someone, but usually telling the truth is less harmful than lying. Dishonesty can result in guilty feelings, cause distrust and even ruin your reputation.
One of the worst things about lying is that it cause a guilty conscience. Even if no one ever discovers the lie, you will know about it, and it will bother you for a long time. Is a lie worth all that guilt? Another problem occurs when you lie to someone, and he learns the truth and discovers your lie. Then you will really be in trouble. He will be angry because you were dishonest with him, and he will not feel that he can trust you anymore. It is a very sad thing to lose someone’s trust. Furthermore, if you lie a lot, eventually you may gain a reputation as a liar. And once you have gained a reputation as a liar, it is very hard to get rid of it. On the other hand, if you are a very honest person, people will trust you, and you will be known for your honesty. Do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times. In the end nobody believed him and all his sheep were eaten by the wolf. All brought him was shame and unhappiness.
Who needs to be unhappy? If you are trustworthy and honest with other people, they will be honest with you. Who needs a guilty conscience? Nobody. Therefore, we can gain such a kind of conclusion. A good reputation is better than money in the bank.
基本句型
It is usually better to …
It is usually better to wear glasses than wearing contact lesense.
One of the worst things is …
One of the worst thing is that he does not have a good plan.
Another problem occurs …
Another problem occurs if you decide to take this method.
基本词组
get one in trouble 使某人处于困境
He always gets himself into trouble.
result in 导致/结果为…
Such method may result in the loss of a large sum of money.
get rid of 摆脱…
We were glad to get rid of our overcoats.
in the end 最后/末了
In the end, he leaves from school because of lack of money.
基本连词
but
The poem is very long. But the boy can recite it in a minute.
even if
Even if you disagree with her, she is still worth listening to.
then
You should get up early in the morning. Then you can catch the early bus.
because
I couldn’t catch him because he runs too fast.
if
If there is emergency, please telephone me.
模式3
As we can see, _________1_________. The result is always that ______2_______.
For one thing, ________3_________. For example, _________4_________.
In addition, __________5___________. For instance, _______6______________.
Most important, __________7________. Such things as ________8__________.
Some people dream of ________9________. I am not one of them, though. In my opinion, __________10_____________. I’d rather ________11__________. 1． 提出要讨论的问题。
2． 说明此问题的可能引起的后果。
3． 说明后果一
4． 举例进行论证后果一。
5． 说明后果二。
6． 举例进行论证后果二。
7． 说明后果三。
8． 举例进行论证后果三。
9． 提出某些人的想法用来对比自己的想法。
10. 提出自己的观点。
11. 总结全文，重申自己的观点。
Stresses of Celebrities
As we can see, celebrities lead very stressful lives. No matter how glamorous or powerful they are, the result is always that they have too little privacy, too much pressure, and no safety.
For one thing, celebrities don’t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are splashed. Even a celebrity’s family is hauled into the spotlight. For example, a teenage son’s arrest for pot possession or a wife’s drinking problem becomes the subject of glaring headlines. When they do what normal people do, they run the risk of being interrupted by thoughtless autograph hounds.
In addition, celebrities are under constant pressure. Their physical appearance is always under observation. For instance, famous women, especially, suffer from the “she really looks old” or the “boy, has she put on weight” spotlight. They are also under pressure to act calm and collected under any circumstances. There’s no freedom to blow off steam or to do something just a little crazy.
Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. Such things as the friendly grabs, hugs, and kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled assaults on a celebrity’s hair, clothes, and car.
Some people dream of starring roles, their names in lights, and their pictures in the cover of magazine. I’m not one of them, though. In my opinion, a famous person gives up private life, feels pressure all the time, and is never completely safe. So let someone else have that cover story. I’d rather lead an ordinary, but calm life than a stress-filled public one.
基本句型
As we can see, …
As we can see, there are altogether three stages in writing a composition.
Some people dream of …
Some people dream of going abroad to study.
In my opinion, …
In my opinion, weight lifting is beneficial to people’s health if you have it regularly.
I would rather …
I would rather go there by bicycle than by bus.
基本词组
run the risk of 冒…的危险
Do not run the risk of losing your opportunity of going abroad.
suffer from 遭受…
Seventy-five percent of the population suffer from malnutrition.
deal with 处理/对待/关于,与…有关
He is good at deal with difficulties.
in danger 处于危险中
The flood puts people’s life and property in great danger.
turn into 变成/转化为…
Water can turn into ice under certain circumstance.
dream of 梦想/期望
Do not dream of the things that you cannot get.
give up 放弃/停止/屈服
I don’t have any intention of giving up politics.
基本连词
no matter how
No matter how tired you are, you should finish the task that the teacher gives.
when
When you have spare time, please go to see me.
in addition
In addition, remember to ask for a leave for me.
So
He is too fat. So he decides to keep on a diet from now on.
模式4
I now think that _________1_________.
To begin with, ________2__________. The problem is that _________3_______. And __________4______________. Next, ________5_________. I have to _____6________. I have to ________7__________. Finally, ________8________. This gives me the impression that ________9__________.
In conclusion, __________10__________. 1． 提出自己的观点。
2． 说明坚持此观点的理由一。
3． 说明可能出现的问题一
4． 说明可能出现的问题二。
5． 说明理由二。
6． 说明出现的问题一。
7． 说明出现的问题二。
8． 说明理由三。
9． 对理由三进行解释。
10． 作出自己的结论。
A Vote against Computer in Writing Classroom
I now think that computers are a bad idea in the writing classroom. The computer does not help me plan a paper, it requires too much time and trouble to use, and it has changed my instructor from a teacher to a technician.
To begin with, the computer does not help me go about writing a paper. The problem is that not everything can fit on the screen at once. There’s no room in the margin for questions. And I can’t circle things on the computer screen and connect them the way I can on a sheet of paper. Next, the mechanics involved in using a computer are complicated and time-consuming. I have to find an open terminal, turn on my computer and monitor, insert the proper disks, create or find a file, and set the required format. When I have mechanical problems or questions about the computer, I have to wait five or ten minutes or more for the teacher. Finally, when we meet in the computer lab, the teacher spends most of the time walking around and helping students log on and off the computer, handing out and collecting software, and trying to locate and retrieve lost computers. This gives me the impression that 75 percent of what the teacher did involved computers rather than writing.
In conclusion, it may be wise to take another look at the use of the computer in college writing course. At first glance the computer offers excitement and a world of promise, but I think there’s a serious question about whether it actually improves students’ writing.
基本句型
I now think that …
I now think that it is not good to only eat vegetables.
To begin with, …
To begin with, you must recite the essay that I ask you to do last night.
This gives me the impression that …
This gives me the impression that smoking is very harmful to one’s health.
In conclusion, …
In conclusion, the computer is very useful in our daily life.
基本词组
involve in 使陷入/使卷入/专注于
They are deeply involved in debts after their bankruptcy.
turn on 打开/开启
You can turn on the television if you want to.
hand out 分发
The teacher hands out the examination papers.
基本连词
and
Turn to the left, and you will see the teaching building.
finally
Finally, you should revise the composition after you finish your writing.
when
When it rains, she always stays at home.
but
The wind is very strong. But he still goes out to have lessen.
模式5
Towards __1__, some people support ______while many others oppose it. (2) I am one of the objectors.
Those in favor argue that _________3____________. They say that, as a result, _____4________.
I am afraid, however, ________5___________. The result is that _______6_________. The worst thing is that _________7_________. We can say that ___________8___________.
I do not deny the fact ____9__, but there are far more disadvantages than advantages. I therefore demand that _________10_________. 1． 提出要讨论的问题并提出两种不同2． 的对立观点。
3． 说明自己的观点B。
4． 提出观点A。
5． 说明支持观点A的结果。
6． 再次提出自己的观点B。
7． 说明不8． 支持观点B可能出现的后果。
9． 举例进行说明。
10． 举例进行说明。
11． 总结全文。
12． 再次重申自己的观点。
For of Against Building a Big Factory near our Community?
A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near our community. Towards this issue, some people support the project while many others oppose it. I am one of the objectors.
Those in favor argue that the building of a large factory near our community will provide us with a good opportunity of employment and that its products will help boost the market. They say that, as a result, the living standards of the inhabitants in the community will be greatly raised.
I am afraid, however, those people only see their personal and immediate interests. The problem is that a large factory like this will excrete poisonous gases to pollute the air, discharge waste water to spoil the quality of water, and make loud nose to disturb the quiet surroundings. All these do harm to health. The worst thing is that the excreted materials may cause cancer, a fatal disease which can take off our lives. We can say that to accept the project of building a large factory near our community is to allow a hungry wolf to come and devour the dwellers in the community.
I do not deny the fact that such a factory may bring some benefits, but there are far more disadvantages than advantages. I therefore demand that the plan for the construction of the factory be canceled. I will also do my utmost to persuade my neighbors into opposing the factory.
基本句型
Towards … some people support it while many others oppose it.
Towards the usage of computer, some people support it while many others oppose it.
Those in favor argue that …
Those in favor argue that rural life is much more relaxed.
I am afraid, however, …
I am afraid, however, computer may do harm to the health of the users.
They say that …
They say that it is difficult to make friends in foreign countries.
I, therefore, demand that
I, therefore, demand that we should have more people to participate in this activity.
基本词组
in favor 赞成/同意
The child is clearly in favor. He is given one more biscuit.
provide with 给….提供
It is difficult for the government to provide everyone a job.
as a result 结果
As a result, the army destroyed the building at the bank.
do harm to 对…有害
Water pollution can do harm to the health of the people.
take off 带走/引导/引开/起飞/去除/除掉
The cancer took off his life.
persuade into 说服某人
He tries to persuade her into believing the story.
基本连词
while
While some oppose to this plan, others think that it is very helpful.
However
However, I do not believe what he said about her.
But
He goes through the whole text carefully, but cannot find any mistakes.
therefore
He is too careless. Therefore, the criminal runs away without being noticed.
模式6
I think __________1_______________.
As we all know, _________2_________. First, ____________3_______. They also _____________4______________. If __________, ____5____________.
Of course, _________6___________________. But, I think _________7_________. Besides, _________8______________.Therefore, since __________, ______9_______. 1． 提出作者自己的观点。
2． 说明此问题的重要性。
3． 说明重要性一。
4． 说明重要性二。
5． 提出假设，6． 从反面论证其重要性。
7． 从反面说明坚持此观点 的理由一。
8． 说明理由二。
9． 说明理由三。
10． 总结全文，11． 重申自己的观点。
My Opinion on Examination
I think if a professor wants to evaluate the knowledge of his students, the most efficient way is to give an examination.
As we all know, the results of examinations can provide both teachers and students with a clear picture of how well they have done their work, though it’s not the only way. First, tests help students find their weak points in study. They also serve as a pressure forcing students work hard and helping them make their knowledge permanent by reviewing it intensively. If there were no exams, some students would not even bother to study.
Of course, frequent and difficult tests may exert great pressures on students, even damage them physically and mentally. A few even cheat in the exams in order to cope with them. But, I think so long we do not place more emphasis on grades than on learning, exams do more good than harm. Besides, without tests, how can we assess the abilities of the students? Therefore, since a judgment based on a professor’s impression is too subjective to be reliable, the only objective evaluation is achieved through a carefully prepared test paper. Examinations are accurate means of measuring students’ performance.
基本句型
1．I think …
I think too many cars can cause traffic jam and traffic accidents.
As we all know, …
As we all know, she is the most famous singer in the city.
基本词组
provide with 提供/供给
This book provides her with all kinds of stories.
serve as 作为/起…的作用
This is only served as another example of the bad effects of computer.
exert pressure on 给…施加压力
This issue exerts great pressure on the government.
in order to 为了
He studies hard everyday in order to catch up with others.
cope with 对付/处理
You should try your best to cope with the problem well.
base on 以…为基础
The story is based on the novel of Dickens.
基本连词
if
If you give her the opportunity, she can fulfill the task well.
2.but
But she does not care about what people think.
3.Besides
Besides, a rumor is going around that you have a new job.
4.since
Since he is too short, he cannot enroll in the army.
Therefore
We live in different areas. Therefore, we decide to meet at the airport.
模式7
Today, _______1_________. In my opinion, ___________2_________.
In the first place, _________3__________. For instance, _________4___________. In the second place, __________5________. For example, ________6____________. Even worse, ________7__________. In the third place, _______8_________. Usually, ___________9____________.
But ________10________. Since ________, ______11____________. 1． 提出要讨论的问题, 说明问题的现状。
2． 提出自己对此问题的观点。
3． 说明理由一。
4． 举例进行论证。
5． 说明理由二。
6． 举例进行论证。
7． 举例二进行论证。
8． 说明理由三。
9． 举例进行论证。
10． 重申自己的观点。
11． 对全文进行总结，12． 提出解决办法。
Advertisement on TV
Today, more and more advertisements are seen on TV. Whenever you turn on TV, you’ll see advertisements. Every fifteen minutes we’ll be interrupted by commercials. In my opinion, advertisements are one of the most frustrating parts of watching television.
In the first place, the advertisements waste time. For instance, in order to see a 90-minute movie, we have to spend another 20 to 30 more minutes in watching advertisements. In the second place, the advertisements interrupt the viewers. For example, the viewers may forget the plot of a show during the advertisements. Even worse, the frequent appearances of ads may make watchers lose their appetites for a good movie. That’s the bad psychological influence of ads. In the third place, they make people under constant economic pressure. Usually, the ads make many products look more attractive than they really are. Children are especially influenced by food commercials. They always ask those that their young parents cannot possibly afford.
But our life should not be controlled by advertisements. Since ads could not disappear from TV screen, the television viewers must be aware and critical of the advertisements in order to endure them.
基本句型
In my opinion, …
In my opinion, he should be rewarded for his bravery.
In the first /second / third place, …
In the first place, the invention of television makes our life much colorful.
基本词组
turn on 打开/开启
If you like, I would like to turn on the radio.
in order to 为了
They bought a lot of things in order to send to others as gifts.
lose appetites for 对…失去兴趣
Too much pressure makes him lose the appetites for everything.
基本连词
whenever
Whenever you leave home, remember to have the key with you.
but
The teacher ordered him recite the text, but he didn’t
since
Since there is enough space, you can take more things with you.
解决方法题型
此类题型多数要求考生按照题目的要求，对题目中所给出的问题进行分析，说明问题现状，分析出现此问题的原因或后果等等，从而提出解决的办法。
其大体的模式为：
TOPIC：
1 分析问题的现状。
2 提出解决的方法（可再次对解决方案进行比较分析，提出较好的一个）。
模式1
In one way of thinking, ________1_________. In another way, _______2_______.
How can one person _______3_______?
First, _________4________.
Second, ______5_____.
The third thing, ______6_________. 1. 对问题的一方面特点进行说明
2. 说明问题的另一方面.
3. 提出疑问, 如何解决此问题.
4. 解决方案一.
5. 解决方案二.
6. 解决方案三.
Failure
In one way of thinking, failure is a part of life. In another way, failure may be a way towards success. The “spider-story” is often told. Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a cave from the English. He watched a spider spinning a web. The spider tried to reach across a rough place in the rock. He tried six times to span the gap. On the seventh time he made it and went on to spin his web. Bruce is said to have taken heart and to have gone on to defeat the English… Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, made hundreds of models that failed before he found the right way to make one.
How can one person turn failure into success?
First, always think about your failure. What caused it? Were conditions right? Were you on top form yourself? What can you change so things will go right next time?
Second, is the goal you’re trying to reach the right one? Try to do some thinking about what your real goals may be. Think about this question, “If I do succeed in this, where will it get me?” This may help you prevent failure in things you shouldn’t be doing anyway.
The third thing to bear in mind about failure is that it’s a part of life. Learn to “live with yourself” even though you may have failed. Remember, “You can’t win them all.”
基本句型
in one way of thinking, …
In one way of thinking, physical activities can improve one’s health.
in another way …
In another way, too much physical activities make people exhausted.
基本词组
think about 考虑/思考
Just think about what I said, you would see it.
基本连词
even though
Even though the doctor tried his best, he cannot keep the life of the patient.
if
If you really insist, you can do it according to your own idea.
模式2
_____1___ can be either good or bad, helpful or harmful. Either way _____2_____. __________3________, whereas, ________4______.
In order to _____, it is important that ______5_________. First, _____6______. As for ____, ________7_________.
In conclusion, _______8____. 1. 提出要解决的问题.
2. 对问题进行解释, 进一步指3. 出问题的中心.
4. 说明如果解决好此问题可能引起的后果.
5. 说明如果不6. 解决此问题可能引起的后果.
7. 说明解决此问题的重要性.
8. 解决方案一.
9. 解决方案二.
10. 总结全文,作出结论.
The Teacher-Student Relationship
The relationship between a teacher and a student can be either good or bad, helpful or harmful. Either way, the relationship can affect the student for the rest of his life. A good teacher-student relationship will make learning enjoyable and interesting. Whereas, a bad relationship can discourage the student from learning and make teaching an unpleasant task.
In order to have a good teacher-student relationship, it is important that the teacher and the student respect each other. First, the teacher does not have to force the student to learn. In fact, many students will often work hard simply because they respect their teachers and wasn’t to please them. The teacher should motivate and encourage the student without forcing him. He needs patience and understanding. Learning can be fun when the student has the right attitude about it. As for the student, he must always show the teacher proper respect. He should be eager to learn and willing to work hard. It is also important to listen carefully and pay attention. Otherwise he would not be able to profit fully from his teacher’s knowledge and assistance.
In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutually beneficial. The student gains knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
基本句型
it is important to …
It is important to learn all kinds of knowledge in modern society.
in conclusion, …
In conclusion, firecrackers should be banned in order to protect the environment.
基本词组
in order to 为了
I do exercise every morning in order to have a healthy body.
2.be eager to 急于…/渴望…
He is eager to see the new movie that he longs.
3.be willing to 愿意干某事
He is not willing to marry this girl as his wife.
基本连词
whereas
We are all busy, whereas he is very free.
otherwise
You should hurry up, otherwise, you may be late for the class.
模式3
___1___ is the most valuable possession a person can have. There are three things that a person can do to ______2_____.
____3___is important for ___________. _____4_____ is also important. Finally, _______5______.
If _____, _______6______. 1. 提出要解决的问题.
2. 综述解决此问题可能的方案.
3. 解决方案一.
4. 解决方案二.
5. 解决方案三.
6. 总结全文,对未来进行预测.
Staying Healthy
Good health is the most valuable possession a person can have. There are thee things a person can do to help stay healthy, that is, the right food, enough sleep, and regular exercise.
Proper nutrition is important for good health. Your body cannot function well unless it receives the proper kind of “fuel”. Avoid food with lots of sugar and fat. Eat plenty of food high in protein, like lean meat, fish, beans and nuts. Vegetables and fruits are especially important because they provide necessary vitamins and minerals. However, don’t overeat. Getting the proper amount of sleep is also important. If you don’t get enough sleep, you’ll feel tried and inadequate amount of sleep may even result in a change of personality. Finally, get plenty of exercise. Exercise firms the body, strengthens the muscles, and prevents you from gaining weight. It also improves your heart and lungs. If you follow a regular exercise program, you will probably increase your life span. They are not only good for your body, but they are enjoyable and interesting, too.
If everybody were to eat the right food, get plenty of sleep and exercise regularly, the world would be a happier and healthier place.
基本词组
result in 结果是…
Smoking may result in serious disaster, such as fire.
基本连词
unless
She would not come unless you invite her by yourself.
if
If she is really smart, she would answer the question.
however
However, the situation does not allow him to do that.
模式4
___1__ is becoming a serious problem on many university campuses. It has some bad effects on ______2____.
Many discussions have been held to analyze the cause of the problem. First, __3_____. Besides, ________4______.
Some measures should be taken to _______5____. First, ____6________. Besides, _________7______. 1. 提出要解决的问题, 说明问题现状.
2. 说明此问题可能引起的不3. 良后果.
4. 解释出现此问题的原因一.
5. 解释出现此问题的原因二.
6. 说明解决此问题的必要性.
7. 解决方案一.
8. 解决方案二.
Cheating at Examinations
Cheating at examinations is becoming a serious problem on many university campuses. It has some bad effects on students’ academic performance as well as their morality practice.
Many discussions have been held to analyze the cause of the problem. First, some students are affected by the idea that money is everything and knowledge is of no use, which is prevalent in society. What they care, instead of studying hard, is earning money and pursuing comforts. So when the exam comes, they have to resort to cheating to earn a mere grade. To some extent, colleges or universities themselves must bear the blame for their placing more emphasis on grades than on learning. Besides, rigid grading system promotes cheating. Class attendance and performance are not important so long you pass the final exam. All is well that ends well. Examinations are their only way to measure students’ performance.
Some measures should be taken to prevent cheating. First, schools may help students realize their deceitful behavior---they are, in fact, cheating themselves. Those who still cheat, once found, should be severely punished. Besides, a student’s class attendance and performance should also be taken into consideration while he is graded.
基本句型
it has some bad effects on …
It has some bad effects on the development of children’s character.
some measure should be taken to …
Some measure should be taken to fight against the crimes.
基本词组
instead of 反而…/而不…
They take his suggestion instead of hers.
to some extent 在某种程度上
I agree with your suggestion to some extent.
take into consideration 考虑…
You should take the situation into consideration at the same time.
基本连词
so
She does not know the word. So she tries to look up the dictionary.
when
When it is your turn, you should try to perform it.
so long
You may borrow the book so long you can keep it clean.
模式5
There is often ________1__________- Why?.
First of all, _________2___________. On the other hand, _________3_________. Meanwhile, ____________4___________. On the contrary, _________5__________. ___6_____is another reason that _______________. Usually, _____7_____. However, ________8___________.
To solve this problem, for ______, they should ____________9___________. For ______, they should ______________10________________. 1、 提出要讨论的问题
2、 说明出现此问题的原因一。
3、 对此原因进行举例说明一。
4、 对此原因进行举例说明二。
5、 对此原因进行举例说明三。
6、 说明出现此问题的原因二。
7、 对此原因进行举例说明一。
8、 对此原因进行举例说明二。
9、 提出解决问题的方法一。
10、 提出解决问题的方法二。
A Better Understanding between Parent and Children nowadays
There is often a lack of understanding between parents and children. Children often complain that their parents cannot understand them, while parents feel sorry that their children seldom listen to them. Why?
First of all, owing to their different age, experience and way of thinking, they have different likes and dislikes. On the other hand, children are energetic and curious. They are eager to learn. Meanwhile, they are active. They enjoy a lot from taking part in all kinds of activities. On the contrary, parents are practical and realistic. They prefer a peaceful and smooth environment especially when they are at home. After housework, they like watching TV, reading newspapers or having conversation with their family members. Misunderstanding is another reason children regard their parents’ concern for them as a burden. Usually, the children ask for independence. However, in parents’ eyes, their children are still young and need to be taken under their wings. When children turn a deaf ear to their well-intentioned advice, they feel angry and sad.
To solve this problem, for parents, they should treat their children as friends rather than small babies and try to understand the feelings and thoughts of the young. For children, they should respect their parents and be aware that what their parents do is just for their good. The problem will be solved if parents and children both make their efforts.
基本句型
1. There is often ….
There is often such a problem relating to the water pollution.
2. They prefer …
They prefer to live in the city because they think it is much convenient.
3. They are eager to …
They are eager to hand out the new book to the students.
基本词组
2. lack of 缺少…
Lack of confidence is harmful for one to take part in social activities.
3. owing to 由于…
The crop was poor, owing to the drought.
4. be eager to 急于…/渴望….
The baby is eager to know everything he does not know.
5. take part in 参加
I really want to take part in this modern play.
6. on the contrary 反之/相反的
You were not boring me. On the contrary, you interest me very much.
7. regard as 把…看做
The child regards Jacky Chen as his idol.
8. ask for 请求/要求
I want to ask for a leave tomorrow.
9. turn a deaf ear to 漠视/置之不10. 理
She turns a deaf ear to her father’s words.
11. treat as 把…看做
The parents always treat her as a little child.
基本连词
2. while
While some think it is good to run, others think it is good to walk.
3. Meanwhile
Meanwhile, you should also know the right way to write a letter.
4. when
When others play tennis, I am playing basketball in the playing-ground.
模式6
More and more people come to realize the great significance of _________1________.
We have to understand the problem in the new light that _____2_________. On the one hand, ___________3__________. If _____________, ______4___________. What is more, it will inevitably result in __________5_______________. On the other hand, ___________6____________. For example, if _______________, ____________7___________. Moreover, _____________8_____________.
It is imperative for us to __________9_________. Let’s take actions to __________10____________. 1、 提出目前所面临的问题的现状。
2、 提出解决此问题的重要性。
3、 说明原因一。
4、 假设如果不5、 这样做会出现的后果一。
6、 可能出现的后果二。
7、 说明解决此问题的原因二。
8、 说明如果不9、 这样做可能出现的后果一。
10、 说明可能出现的后果二。
11、 指12、 出解决此问题的紧急性。
13、 发出号召。
Significance of Wildlife Protection
With rapid extinction of many wild species, more and more people come to realize the great significance of wildlife protection.
We have to understand the problem in a new light that we protect ourselves through protecting wildlife. On the one hand, any species of wildlife, as a critical joint of the ecological chain, helps to establish the ecological balance. If one species becomes extinct, the whole chain will be damaged seriously. What is more, it will inevitable result in a chain of wildlife extinction and the disruption of the balance. Unpredictable disasters may occur. On the other hand, with the development of modern science and technology, man is just beginning to learn from wildlife. For example, if wild rubber trees had been extinct two centuries ago, there may have been no today’s auto industry. Moreover, wildlife preserves unknown genetic codes, which may fight against disasters in the future.
It is imperative for us to protect wildlife now before it is too late, because man has already polluted the environment seriously and threatened the existence of many wild species. Let’s take actions to protect wildlife. Learning to live in harmony with all wildlife is part of modern civilization.
基本句型
1. More and more people come to realize the significance of …
More and more people come to realize the significance of saving natural resources.
2. It will inevitably result in …
It will inevitably result in the extinction of natural resources.
3. let’s take actions to …
let’s take actions to protect rare species so as to build a better environment.
基本词组
1. what is more 而2. 且/另外
What is more, what is your opinion about this problem.
3. result in 导致/结果是
His lack of confidence results in his failure in the interview.
4. fight against 反对/打击
We should try our best to fight against the corruption.
5. live in harmony with 相处和谐
Human beings should learn how to live in harmony with the nature.
基本连词
1. if
If you like, you can do it according to your idea.
模式7
Nowadays the whole world shows great concern over _________1________. The problem has become _________2______.
The reason leading to such a situation lies in many different aspects. First of all, _________3___________. Second, _________________4______________. Last but not the least are __________5 ____________________.
It is no use only being aware of the problem. People all over the world should take actions immediately. Everyone must ___________6_____________. 1、 提出要讨论的问题
2、 说明问题的现状。
3、 说明出现此问题的原因一。
4、 说明出现此问题的原因二。
5、 说明出现此问题的原因三。
6、 提出解决的办法。
Global Awareness of Grain Shortage
Nowadays, the whole world shows great concern over global grain shortage. The total grain output of the world has been reducing in recent years, which results in the grain decrease in stock. In some countries, especially in some developing countries, the problem has become all the more serious: many people are suffering from hunger, some even panhandle in the street.
The reason leading to such a situation lies in many different aspects. First of all, it is the population explosion. The more the people are, the less share of grain the people will have. Second, with the development of industry and expansion of cities, newly built factories and buildings have occupied large pieces of cultivated. Last but not the least are the natural disasters: such as flood, drought and strong winds, which aggravate the seriousness of the problem.
It is no use only being aware of the problem. People all over the world should take actions immediately. Everyone must perform his duties in controlling the population, in protecting the cultivated land and in saving on food. It is only when these measures are put into practice that the global problem of grain shortage can be solved.
基本句型
1. Nowadays the whole world shows great concern over …
Nowadays the whole world shows great concern over the problem of water pollution.
2. The reasons leading to such a situation lies in many different aspects.
3. The more… the more…
The more you read, the more you know.
4. Everyone must …
Everyone must give his opinion on this issue
5. It is only when … that …
It is only when you fail that can you know the importance of study.
基本词组
1. result in 结果是/导致
Dissatisfaction results in the invention of new things.
2. suffer from 遭受
The people suffer a lot during the second world war.
3. lead to 导致
This may lead to great confusion.
4. lie in 在于
The solution lies in the educational reform.
基本连词
1. when
When you are in danger, you can realize the importance of life.
模式8
Now that _______1_______.
Facing _____2________, different people maintain different attitudes. Some think that _______3___________. Others suggest that ________4__________.
In my opinion, I think _______5_________. We should _______6________. Then, we should _______7________. 1、 提出要讨论的问题，2、 说明问题现状。
3、 综述不同4、 人对此问题的不同5、 看法。
6、 看法1。
7、 看法2。
8、 提出自己的观点。
9、 解决方案1。
10、 解决方案2。
How to Meet the Challenge of the 21 Century?
Now that the 21 century is drawing near, we should get prepared to meet the challenge of the new century. The present century, which is coming to an end, is a century of rapid development in every respect of society. And the coming century will be full of competition for both survival and development of human beings. Population growth must be controlled and pollution eliminated.
Facing the challenge of the 21 century, different people maintain different attitudes. Some think that it provides a good chance for us to catch up with the developed countries and emulate them in the field of high-tech. Others suggest that we don’t have to worry too much about the situation. Let them develop their industry and we can just buy their high-tech products, which is a lot easier.
In my opinion, I think we should always rely on our own power and try to make our industry and agriculture more competitive with foreign counterpart. We should admit our weak-points, even backwardness. Then, we should be modest and learn from other nations the advanced science and technology. Introduction of high-tech is necessary, and digestion is more important, so that we can turn the high-tech into productive force.
基本句型：
1. We should get prepared to …
We should get prepared to face the difficulties that are going to come.
2. Facing … different people maintain different attitude.
Facing this difficulty, different people maintain different attitudes.
3. Some think that …
Some think that it is easy to solve this problem.
4. Others suggest that …
Others suggest that certain methods should be taken to solve this problem.
5. In my opinion, I think …
In my opinion, I think having swimming in winter can build up our body.
基本词组：
1. Come to an end 走到尽头
The terrorist government comes to an end.
2. Catch up with 赶上
Most leaders are obsessed with catching up with the west.
3. Worry about 担心
Don’t worry about finding it—it will turn up one day.
4. Rely on 依靠…
The success of the revolution relies on the support of the people.
基本连词：
1. and
And you can decide by yourself how to finish the task.
2. Then
You should revise the composition. Then you can find some careless mistakes.
模式9
Nowadays, _______1_______. It seems that _______2_________.
The reasons for this is that _______3_______. For example, _____4__________. As a result, _______5_________.
What can we do to solve this problem? I think, first of all, ______6_______. Second, _________7__________. 1． 提出要讨论的问题，2． 说明问题的现状。
3． 说明问题的中心以及实质。
4． 说明原因一。
5． 举例进行说明。
6． 说明此可能引起的后果。
7． 提出解决方案一。
8． 提出解决方案二。
False Advertisements
Nowadays, when people turn on their TV at home, what they usually don’t want to watch is the advertisements, especially the advertisements inserted several times in a film or a TV show. It seems that TV viewers have developed a kind of hatred towards advertisements which are colorful, boasting and noisy, yet, the deeper reason for their hatred lies in the fact that there are many false advertisements on TV.
The reasons for this is that false advertisements fool TV viewers. For example, once they find that they have been fooled, they become angry and disgusted with the advertisements including both true and false commercial advertisements, with the only exception of the advertisements for the public good. As a result, false advertisements make people lose confidence towards the government since they think it is the government’s responsibility to lay a strict control over TV advertisements.
What can we do to solve this problem? I think, first of all, a specialized organization must be established, so as to take charge of the censorship over all kinds of advertisements. The organization should include experts and government officials. Without the signature of these two groups, no advertisements should be allowed to be used on TV. Second, once an advertisement is proved false, it should be cancelled immediately without the least hesitation followed by a severe punishment to the advertiser.
基本句型：
1. It seems that …
It seems that Jack should go to see the doctor.
2. The reasons for this is that …
The reason for this is that irregular exercise may damage the health of the person.
3. As a result, …
As a result, optimistic attitude can strengthen the confidence of the person.
基本词组：
1. turn on 攻击/依靠/以…而2. 定
The dog turned on her and bit her.
3. lie in 在于
His inability to act lies in his weak-mindedness.
4. take charge of 掌管/负责
We each take charge of the lessons for three classes.
基本连词：
1. when
When he comes out, I am washing clothes.
2. once
Once you pass the exam, I would buy a bicycle for you.
说明利弊题型
此类题型多为题目给出一个或者两个事物，要求考生就一事物的两个方面或两个事物进行分析比较，得出优缺点，从而提出自己的观点。
其大体的模式为：
TOPIC：
1 说明事物的现状。
2 说明事物的优缺点（或仅仅是一个方面）。
3 提出自己的观点。
模式1：
It is true that _____1_______, but unfortunately, these benefits are outweighed by the harm it does to ______2______. A is harmful because _____3______.
First of all, _____4______. For instance, _____5______. And ______6_______.
Worst of all is that _______7_______. It is a common thing that ________8________.
And __________9________.
A , is harmful to _____10_____. As a result, _________11___________. And the most frightening part to the problem is that _________12_______. 1． 提出要讨论的问题，2． 说明此问题的优点和益处。
3． 说明此问题有许多坏处。
4． 对此问题的坏处进行说明。
5． 说明坏处一。
6． 举例进行说明。
7． 举例进行说明。
8． 说明此问题的坏处二。
9． 举例进行说明。
10． 举例进行说明。
11． 对全文进行总结。
12． 说明此问题可能带来的后果之一。
12． 说明此问题可能带来的后果之二。
Harmful Effects of Watching Television
It is true that television has the power to educate and to entertain, but unfortunately, these benefits are outweighed by the harm it does to dedicated viewers. Television is harmful because it creates passivity and presents a false picture of reality.
Television makes viewers passive. For instance, children who have an electronic baby-sister spend most of their waking hours in a semiconscious state. And older viewers watch tennis matches and basketball games with none of the excitement of being in the stands. Even if children are watching Sesame Street or The Electric Company, they are being educated passively. The child actors are going on nature walks building crafts projects, playing with animal and participating in games, but the little viewers are simply watching. Older viewers watch members of a studio audience discuss vital issues with Phil Donahue, but no one will turn to the home viewers to ask their opinion.
Worst of all is that TV presents a false picture of reality that leaves viewers frustrated because they don’t have the beauty or wealth of characters on television. It is a common thing that viewers begin to absorb the idea that everyone else in the United States owns a lavishly decorated apartment, suburban house, sleek car, and expensive wardrobe. And every detective, police officer, oil baron, and lawyer, whether male or female, is suitable for a pinup poster. The material possessions on TV shows and commercials contribute to the false image of reality. News anchors and reporters, with their perfect hair and makeup, must fit television’s standard of beauty. From their modest homes or cramped apartments, many viewers tune in daily to the upper-middle-class world that TV glorifies.
Television, like cigarettes, is harmful to our nation’s health. As a result, we are becoming isolated, passive, and frustrated. And the most frightening part to the problem is that the average viewer spends more time watching television than ever.
基本句型
It is true that …
It is true that water pollution has become one of the serious problem in China.
Worst of all is that …
Worst of all is that we do not have enough money to buy a television.
As a result, …
As a result, he lost the opportunity to take part in the contest.
It is a common thing that …
It is a common thing that getting rid of smoking becomes more and more popular.
And the most frightening part to this problem is that …
And the most frightening part to this problem is that we lose activity in watching TV.
基本词组
1. turn to 开始工作/动手做/求助于
Let’s all turn to and finish the job before dark.
2. contribute to 对…做贡献/有助于
The elderly contribute a lot of money to launch a public appeal.
基本连词
1. but
He works hard everyday. But he still cannot take the number one in the class.
2. Because
He cannot go there by feet because he is too old.
3. even if
Even if you disagree with me, I still insist on my opinion.
模式2
___1___is not quite as bad as it is.
First of all, ________2______. In addition, ________3__________.
Furthermore, ___________4___________. For instance, __________5_________. Besides, __________6________.
Finally, ______7_________. Therefore, _________8_______. 1． 提出要讨论的问题。
2． 说明优点一。
3． 说明优点二。
4． 说明优点三。
5． 举例进行说明此优点。
6． 举例进行说明此优点。
7． 说明优点四。
8． 作出结论，9． 总结全文。
The Advantage of Being Fat
Being fat is not quite as bad as it seems.
First of all, cute over-weight girls have more to admire when they look into mirrors. When they find a nice dress, there is more of it to look nice in. In addition, it is economical to be corpulent; because it costs the same for a size 18 as it does for a size 10, fat girls certainly get more for their money.
Furthermore, a pleasingly plump lassie never has to be afraid of being called “Twiggy”. For instance, in the case of great famine as the result of the expanding population, tubby girls will live longer than thinner members of their sex.
Besides, in old age, over weight girls will never have to find outside hobbies to fill up their time, for they will be constantly occupied with grocery shopping and letting out seams in their clothes.
Finally, fat girls have one last fringe benefit: there is more of them for their boy friends to love. Therefore, do not count your calories, girls. Let it all hang out!
基本句型
1. … is not quite as bad as it is.
The problem is not quite as bad as it is.
2. In addition, …
In addition, we can use another method to solve this problem.
基本词组
1. look into 浏览/调查
They wanted a person to look into this case.
2. be afraid of 害怕/担心
She is afraid of being lag behind.
3. in case of 假使/万4. 一
The wall was built along the river in case of flood.
5. fill up 填写/装满
I have filled up the death certificate.
6. let out 放出/让…走开或流出/说出/发出(喊声等)/出租/租出/向…猛击/猛烈的攻击
She would not let her son out on such a cold day.
7. hang out 坚持/持续/维持
Workers hung out for a raise before resuming work.
基本连词
1. when
You can call me for help when you have difficulties.
2. Furthermore
Furthermore, more money is needed to help the orphans.
3. besides
Besides, you should give me one more ticket.
4. finally
Finally, love can stand the test of the time.
5. Therefore
Therefore, we should often say love to our parents.
模式3
_____1_____has been playing a vital part in the daily activities of society. First, _____2_______. Second, ______3______. Besides, ________4_________. Therefore, ________5_________.
But _______6______ has also given rise to a series of problems. For example, ________7_________. And _________8__________. Worst of all, _______9_______.
Obviously, _______10_________. They are helpful and at the same time harmful. 1 提出要讨论的问题。
2 说明优点一。
3 说明优点二。
4 说明优点三。
5 总结优点。
6 说明问题的缺点。
7 缺点一。
8 缺点二。
9 缺点三。
10 总结全文。
Automobiles
Automobiles, as a product of modern civilization, have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of society. First, industry needs automobiles for transportation. Second, agriculture needs automobiles for farming as well as for transportation. Besides, every day, we need automobiles to take us to or from work. They take us to travel from one place to another within a short time that used to take people several days or months to cover. Therefore, it can be said that the wheels of automobiles move human society forward quickly.
But automobiles have also given rise to a series of problems. For example, cities are over crowded with automobiles. And they make big noises and cause traffic accidents in which many people are disabled or killed each year. Worst of all, they cause most of our air pollution. They produce gases, and some are even poisonous. The noise they make is also a serious problem.
Obviously, automobiles, like anything else, have more than one face. While they bring convenience and quickness to mankind, they also bring us serious problems. They are helpful and at the same time harmful.
基本句型：
1. … has been playing a vital part in the daily activities of society.
Electricity has been playing a vital part in the daily activities of society.
6. It can be said that …
It can be said that water is the life of human beings.
7. But … has also given rise to a series of problems.
But this has also given to a series of problems.
基本词组：
1. play a part 起..的作用/占..的地位
Examinations seem play a large part in education.
2. used to 常常/习惯于
She used to live in the southern area of China.
基本连词：
1. besides
Besides, computer is not as easy as we think.
2. But
But I do not think you are always right.
3. Therefore
Therefore, you should take a measure to solve this problem.
模式4
If ______1______ you should think carefully about all the advantages of _____2______.
First, _______3_________ can be _________. Second, _______4________. Most of all, ________5_______. Furthermore, _______6________.
______A______, by contrast, _______7_______. Besides, ______8______. Third, ______9________.
If ________, you will enjoy their many advantages ________10_______. 1、 提出要讨论的问题。
2、 提出观点A。
3、 观点B缺点一。
4、 观点B缺点二。
5、 观点B缺点三。
6、 观点B缺点四。
7、 观点A优点一。
8、 观点A优点二。
9、 观点A优点三。
10、 总结全文。
Contact Lenses and Eyeglasses
If your vision requires help, you should think carefully about all the advantages of contact lenses before you buy eyeglasses.
First, glasses can be more expensive. Frames and lenses are priced separately, and the frames alone can cost a lot if you order something that has style and looks nice. Second, glasses are easily scratched or broken. They are bulky, and you will have to watch out for them or they will slide, get bumped off your face, or get scratched by close contact with some object. Most of all, glasses are a nuisance. You may have to return to the store several times to get them adjusted. Furthermore, they will get wet, foggy, and dirty, because they pick up whatever is in your environment.
Contact lenses, by contrast, are often not so expensive, though the cost does depend on the prescription. The contact lenses are not so readily scratched or broken because they rest securely on the eye itself. If you are carrying them around, they are small and easy to wear. After a short adjustment period, they are almost unnoticed by the wearer.
If you try contact lenses, you will enjoy their many advantages over glasses.
基本句型：
1. You should think carefully about all the advantages of …
You should think carefully about all the advantages of using computer.
2. You will enjoy their many advantages …
You will enjoy their many advantages if you take this measure.
基本词组：
1. think about 思考/考虑
She is thinking about emigrating to America.
2. get off 出发/动身/逃脱
I’d better get off now.
3. by contrast 相反的
By contrast, our oil has increased enormously.
4. depend on 依靠…
All the lives on the earth depend on oxygen.
基本连词
1.if
If you like, I would like to open the window.
5. Besides
Besides, I am not used to sleep with others.
6. Though
Though he has a lot of money, he would not give any to his son.
模式5
In a large urban area, there are some good reasons for _______1______. First, _________2______. Second, _______3____________. For example, ______4_________. Finally, ______5_________.
There are, on the other hand, many good reasons against ______6_______. First, _______7_______. As you know, ________8_________. In addition to, _______9_________. Second, ________10_________. Finally, ______11_____.
In order to answer the question, we must weigh both sides: on the one hand, ______12________; on the other hand, _______13__________.
1、 直接提出赞成原因。
2、 赞成原因一。
3、 赞成原因二。
4、 举例进行论证。
5、 赞成原因三。
6、 提出反对原因。
7、 反对原因一。
8、 举例一进行论证。
9、 举例二进行论证。
10、 反对原因二。
11、 反对原因三。
12、 总结优点。
13． 总结缺点。
Private Car
In a large urban area, there are some good reasons for owning a car. First, a car allows a person to move around more conveniently. With a car, there is no need to check a bus schedule or wait for a train. Second, driving a car is a comfortable way to travel, especially in the winter time. For example, in bad weather, the car driver stays warm and dry, while the poor bus rider might have to stand in the rain or in the snow. Finally, a driver is usually safe in a car at night. The bus rider might need to walk down a dark street to get to a stop, or wait on a dark corner.
There are, on the other hand, many good reasons against owning a car. First, it can be very expensive. As you know, the price of fuel continues to rise and car insurance can cost three or four hundred dollars a year. In addition, it is expensive to maintain and repair a car, even to park the car. Second, owning a car can cause worries and stress. It is exhausting to drive in rush hour. Finally, more cars running increase more air and noise pollution.
In order to answer the question whether a person should own a private car, we must weigh both sides: on the one hand, there is freedom of movement, comfort, and safety; on the other hand, there is expense, worry, and concern for the quality of environment.
基本句型：
1. There are some good reasons for …
There are good reasons for the popularity of computer.
2. There are, on the other hand, many good reasons against …
There are, on the other hand, many good reasons against the use of computer.
基本词组：
1. in order to 为了
She bought several clothes in order to make herself more beautiful.
基本连词：
1. on the one hand… on the other hand…
On the one hand, TV gives us knowledge. On the other hand, TV makes us passive.
模式6
There are two types of _____1______: A or B. Nevertheless, A has more advantages than B.
First, ____2________. In contrast, _______3_______.
Second, ________4_______, on the other hand, ______5________.
Third, _____6________. B doesn’t have these advantages ________7________.
A, therefore, has great advantages _____8_________. 1、 提出要讨论的问题。
2、 观点A优点一。
3、 观点B缺点一。
4、 观点A优点二。
5、 观点B缺点二。
6、 观点A优点三。
7、 观点B缺点三。
8、 总结全文。
Living at College or at Home
There are two types of college experiences : living at college and living at home. It’s possible to get an equally good education from one as from the other. Nevertheless, living away has more advantages than staying at home.
First, students who live at college are deeply involved in school activities. College becomes a world in itself in which students can devote themselves totally to study. In contrast, students living at home cannot get into the world of college. It is still like high school.
Second, thanks to living in a dormitory, those living at college have more freedom. The freedom of living at college builds social maturity. They have to get along with many new, unknown people. The experience helps them grow. Students living at home, on the other hand, deal most of the time with people they’re already known : their teachers and classmates. There isn’t enough chance to meet new friends because when classes end, they’ll go home.
Third, living at college is better intellectually. Class discussions can be carried on to dinner table. The library is a short walk away. Students who live at home don’t have these advantages. They have no one to share their experience or talk about what camp up in class. Studying is difficult at home because of the noise and some other distractions. And there is no library nearby.
Living at college, therefore, has great advantages. It offers the opportunity to get a better, fuller education.
基本句型：
1. There are two types of …
There are two types of attitudes to this question.
7. In contrast, …
In contrast, he does not agree with her plan.
8. … don’t have these advantages.
Playing tennis doesn’t have these advantages.
基本词组：
1. involve in 使…卷入/使…陷入/专注于/专心于
Don’t involve yourself in this kind of things.
2. devote to 把…奉奉献给/把…专用于
He had devoted all his life to helping the sick.
3. thanks to 亏了…/多亏…
Thanks to the advertisement the building becomes famous.
4. get along with 相处/处理
She is getting very well with her classmates.
5. deal with 处理/对付/有关
Children should learn how to deal with emergency.
6. carry on 继续做/进行
We will carry on our conversation tomorrow.
基本连词：
4. nevertheless
Nevertheless, watching television has many advantages.
5. Therefore
Therefore, you should work harder to pass the final exam.
图表作文题型
此类题型可以分为两类，一类是给出图画，要求考生对图画进行说明，此类多为记叙文或说明文。另一类是给出图表，要求考生对图表进行分析，作出结论，并以此为基点展开分析论证，可使用事例充实论证，考生也可提出自己的观点。
其大体模式为：
TOPIC：
1 总结图表，提出 结论。
2 以结论为基点进行分析论证，进行说明。
模式1
___1____ is common in China. People ____2____ out of different reasons. Some ____3_____. Some _____4_______. There are still some others who ___5______.
From the pictures, we can see that ______6_____. Such things do not only take place in the story, but also exist in our daily life. It is sometimes necessary to _______7________, but it is really unnecessary to _____8______, for _______9______.
Those people who do this would do nothing to both __A__and ___B_____. They feel _______10_______. As for _B__, _________11_________. Accordingly, it is high time ________12______. 1. 提出要讨论的问题,说明问题的现状.
2. 说明出现此问题的原因.
3. 说明原因一.
4. 说明原因二.
5. 说明原因三.
6. 总结图表,作出结论.
7. 说明必要性.
8. 提出反对的观点.
9. 说明反对的原因.
10. 说明此问题可能造成的后果.
11. 说明可能出现的后果一.
12. 说明可能出现的后果二.
13. 提出应该采取的措施.
Sending Gifts
Sending gifts is common in China. People give each other gifts out of different reasons. Some send gifts out of love, gratitude or respect, they think that their feeling can be best expressed by presenting gifts; some do so because of the general practice in the society that they have to adapt to. There are still some others who do it out of personal purpose.
From the pictures, we can see that the same gifts travels from Person A to Person B, then from Person B to Person C and finally returns to Person A. Such things do not only take place in the story, but also exist in our daily life. It is sometimes necessary to send gifts to people to express our love, gratitude or respect, but it is really unnecessary to send gifts because of the pressure of general practice in the society or out of personal purpose, for it corrupts people’s minds.
Those people who send gifts without sound reasons would do nothing good to both themselves and the receivers. They may feel the pressure if they are not rich enough, and this may be the cause of the gifts’ recycling indicated in the picture. As for the receivers, they may feel awkward if they dislike receiving them; or they may become greedier if they prefer accepting them. Accordingly, with the advance of the society, it is high time that we called on people to maintain our traditional virtue and did away with the dross in order to develop a healthy human relation.
(picture 1)
基本句型
1. … is common in China.
The problem of water pollution is common in China.
2. There are still some others who …
There are still some others who think it is good to exercise at night.
3. From the pictures, we can see that …
From the picture, we can see that the living standard is increasing.
4. Accordingly, it is high time …
Accordingly, it is high time to popularize computers in China.
基本词组
1. adapt to 使自己适应于../使自己习惯于
The environment is changing and how we adapt to it.
2. take place 发生
I want to know something that takes place in the university.
3. do away with 废除/去除
The department was done away with two years ago.
基本连词
1. but
It is convenient to eat outside. But you should not eat outside.
2. for
He cannot be accepted by the school for he is too short.
模式2
Nowadays things like this are often seen in our daily life and have turned into a social problem that _____1_________. One reason of this is that ______2______. Another reason is that _________3________.
We can learn from the picture that _____4_______, otherwise, ______5________. It is time that ___________6_____.
1. 提出要讨论的问题,说明问题的现状.
2. 说明出现此问题的原因一.
3. 说明出现此问题的原因二.
4. 总结图表,作出结论.
5. 说明此问题可能引起的后果.
6. 发出号召,提出解决的措施.
The Children Problem
Nowadays things like this are often seen in our daily life and have turned into a social problem that children are being gradually spoilt by their parents and other members in their family. One reason of this is that many families have only one child. A number of parents have gone too far in raising their children. They try to satisfy each demand of their kids, however, the parents actually cannot afford everything the children want. Another reason is that the children gradually becomes used to asking for anything they like and used to being served as the small emperor of the family by people around them, and thus they are gradually being turned into “flowers in the nursery” that cannot bear any hardship or difficulty in their lives.
We can learn from the picture that parents should not educate their children like the mother in the picture, otherwise, children could never develop and grow mature in the right way. It is time that we should pay more attention to the growth of children because it is they who are the future of our country, of the world.
(picture 2)
基本句型
1. Nowadays things like this are often seen in our daily life and have turned into a social problem that…
Nowadays things like this are often seen in our daily life and have turned into a social problem that water pollution is worse and worse.
2. One reason of this is that …
One reason of this is that computer is very expensive.
3. We can learn from the picture that …
We can learn from the picture that people begin to read more than before.
4. It is time that …
It is time that we take measures to solve the problem.
基本词组
1. be used to 习惯于
She is used to get up early in the morning.
2. ask for 请求/要求
You are really asking for trouble if you said things like that.
3. pay attention to 注意/重视
Jane pays great attention to her appearance.
基本连词
1. however
However, she is not as good as you expect.
2. Thus
He works very hard, thus he is elected as the model.
3. otherwise
We should take some solutions. Otherwise, the problem would become more serious.
模式3
__1___ is very harmful. I think there are two major aspects to this damage. First, ______2______. As is shown in the pictorial graph, _____3_____. Second, ________4________. Also from the graph we can see that _____5_______.
Because ____6___, _____________. From the following figures we can see _________7___. So it is certain that ________8________. 1． 提出要讨论的问题。
2． 说明理由一。
3． 举例进行说明理由一。
4． 说明理由二。
5． 举例进行说明理由二。
6． 总结图表，7． 说明出现此问题的原因。
8． 从图表中举例进行说明。
8. 总结全文，作出结论。
Smoking
Smoking is harmful. I think there are two major aspects to the damage. First, smoking consumes a great deal of money. As is shown in the pictorial graph, smoking wastes 200 billion dollars each year in the world. Second, smoking does harm to the health of smokers, and it is the main cause of lung cancer. Also from the graph we can see that about 3 million people die because of the relevant disease derived from smoking every year.
Because more and more people are aware of the great harm of smoking to humans, the amount of tobacco consumption is on the decrease. From the following figures we can clearly see the production added up to 14.364 billion pounds in 1994, but it dropped to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. At the same time, many countries call on people to give up smoking. So it is certain that the number of smokers is to decrease.
(picture 4)
基本句型
1. I think that there are two major aspects to …
I think that there are two major aspects to the effects of computer.
2. As is shown in the pictorial graph, …
As is shown in the pictorial graph, people like to travel outside more than before.
3. As we can see from the graph, …
As we can see from the graph, more and more people use computers.
4. From the following figures we can see …
From the following figures we can see that the population of China is decreasing.
5. So it is certain that …
So it is certain that sending gifts become the common thing in China.
基本词组
1. derive from 起源于/来源于
His pleasure derives from reading.
3. be aware of 明了/明白
I am very aware of the disadvantages of smoking.
4. add up to 达到/总数为 /加到
The traveling expenses add up to 9,000 dollars.
5. call on 请求/号召/探望
The opposition calls on the Prime Minister to stop the arms deal.
6. give up 放弃/屈服7.
She would rather die than giving up to the enemy.
基本连词
1. because
She decides to keep on a diet because she is too fat.
2. but
But I cannot just let him out.
3. so
We need more people so our team can be powerful.
模式4
This is a bar graph which reported ______1_______. The result of the survey are as shown in the bar graph. In general, _____2_____. But, ________3_______. For A, ______4______. On the contrary, B _____5_________. As far as __________are concerned, _________6_______. Although ______7_________. For A, ________8_________. For B, it seems that ________9____________. What does these results mean? I think, _____10_________. In addition, ________11_________.
According to these two bar graphs, we can conclude that _______12_______. 1、 总结图表，2、 作出结论。
3、 提出结论一。
4、 进一步对图表作出解释。
5、 事实一。
6、 事实二。
7、 提出结论二。
8、 进一步作出说明。
9、 事实一 。
10、 事实二。
11、 说明原因一。
12、 说明原因二。
13、 总结全文，14、 作出结论。
A survey on Hours of Study and Average Scores
This is a bar graph which reported the results of a survey concerning the relation between the hours of study and average grades. The results of the survey are as shown in the bar graph. In general, girls spend more time in studying than boys. But the time spent by girls and boys is not even. During the first year girls spend the most of the time. On the contrary, boys spend the least of the time. As far as the average grades are concerned, the girls get the highest score during the first year. Although the boys spend the least, their scores are not the lowest. For the girls, the time spent is in direct proportion to their average grades during these four year. For the boys, it seems that there is not a clear link between the time spent and the average scores. They keep steady scores except in the second year. What does these results mean? I think, the time you spent contributes to higher scores. In addition, higher scores also demand your concentration. More time and more concentration is a good formula for higher grades.
According to these two bar graphs, we can conclude that the more time you spend, the more concentration you give, the higher grades you will achieve.
(picture 6)
基本句型：
1. This is a bar graph which reported …
This is the bar graph which reported the increase of people’s living standard.
2. In general, …
In general, it is common for people to use mobile phone.
3. As far as .. concerned, …
As far as the speed is concerned, car is much faster.
4. According to the two bar graphs, we can conclude that …
According to the two bar graphs, we can conclude that living pattern of Chinese changes.
基本词组：
1. contribute to 对…有贡献
He contributes a lot to the establishment of this department.
基本连词：
but
But it is wrong to just sit there without saying anything.
although
Although he is tired, he still goes to the party.
模式5
As we can see from the graph, ______1______. First, ______2_________. On the contrary, _____3_________.
These changes show _________4________. Since ________5__________.
As _________, we look forward to _______6_________. In the future, _________7________. 1、 总结图表，2、 作出结论。
3、 举例说明1。
4、 举例说明2。
5、 进一步说明图表反映的问题。
6、 对此进行解释说明。
7、 总结自己的观点，8、 对前景进行预测。
9、 对未来进一步展望。
Food Year 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Grain 49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45
Milk and meat 10% 1% 11% 12% 13
Fruit and vegetables 25% 22% 20% 20% 21
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100
Changes of People’s Diet
As we can see from the graph, in the past five years, some changes have taken place in people’s diet. The proportion of grain which is the main food of Chinese people has decreased by 4%. On the contrary, the proportion of milk and meat in people’s diet has increased.
These changes in people’s diet show some modifications in people’s living standard and life style. Since China began her economic reform in 1978, various kinds of food have appeared in the market. Milk and meat, which were seldom seen on people’s dinner tables before, have now become popular food in Chinese families.
As the living standard of the Chinese people’s is rising, we look forward to further changes in people’s diet. In the future, the proportion of milk and meat is likely to go on increasing and the proportion of fruit and vegetables is likely to increase as well.
基本句型：
As we can see from the graph, …
As we can see from the graph, people pay more attention to the improvement of spiritual life.
These changes show…
These changes show that people care more about the nutrition of the food.
We look forward to …
We look forward to collect more money to help the poor.
In the future, …
In the future, we can have a much cleaner world.
基本词组：
take place 发生
A serious accident took place in the area yesterday.
look forward to 期望/希望
I am looking forward to having a car when I am twenty.
基本连词：
since
Since you are already twenty, you should be responsible for everything you do.
as
As it is too late, you have to go home by feet.
模式6：
As can be seen from the table, _______1_______. But, _______2__________. However, ______3_________. For example, ________4________, whereas, __________. Especially ______5__________.
Why is there the sharp contrast of _______6________ ? In the past, ______7_______.
Due to _______8_________. But now, _______9_______.
But, ___10_____ presents a threat to our society. So, ______11_________. As a result, _______12__________. And we are looking forward to _______13_________. 1、 总结图表，2、 事实1。
3、 事实2。
4、 作出结论。
5、 举例说明1。
6、 举例说明2。
7、 提出疑问。
8、 说明原因1。
9、 说明原因2。
10、 说明原因3。
10.探讨此问题可能引发的后果。
11. 提出可采取的措施。
12.说明采取此措施的后果。
13.对未来进行展望。
Year Population
BC 221 (Qin Dynasty ) 20
Ad 1834 (Qing Dynasty) 400
AD 1949 540
AD 1960 600
AD 1970 800
AD 1980 1,000
Ad 1990 1,100
China’s Population in Different Periods
As can be seen from the table, there were only about 20 million people in BC221 (Qin Dynasty). But by 1990, we have 1100 million people, a figure 55 times as big as that of 2211 years ago. However, the population growth developed unevenly in different periods. For example, from BC 221 to AD 1834, the population was growing very slowly, whereas, the population was increased rapidly since then. Especially after the liberation (1949), the population was growing at the rate of 20 million a year.
Why is there the sharp contrast of population growth in different periods? Many reasons contributed to it. In the past, many people were dying of hunger, poverty, or wars. Due to poor living and medical conditions, many people died at an early age and few could reach the age of 80. But now, the number of child birth is greater and the life expectancy longer.
But this over-rapid population growth presents a threat to our society. It hinders economic and social development. So, since 1980 the government has carried out family planning program. As a result, the population growth in the last decade was not increased as fast as before. And we are looking forward to the further decline of growth rate in the future.
基本句型：
As can be seen from the table, …
As can be seen from the table, there are several reasons for this problem
Due to …
Due to his carelessness, we lost the game.
As a result, …
As a result, the eyesight of the user decreased.
基本词组：
contribute to 对…有贡献
The government contributes a lot of money to build the school.
die of 死于/(夸张用语)形容程度之深
The little girl died of hunger.
carry out 实现/完成/执行/贯彻
They have to carry out many administrative duties.
look forward to 希望/期望
The girl looks forward to having a new skirt.
基本连词：
but
But it is wrong to drink before eat.
However
However, he cannot fulfill the task the teacher gave.
Whereas
I intend to go there by bus, whereas he insists to go there by bike.
So
He does not have much money. So he cannot buy a piano for his daughter.
and
She walks very slowly, and she has to leave a little bit earlier.
试题精选
1996年6月全真试题
Directions:
For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Health Gains in Developing Countries. You should base you composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese)
以下图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命和婴儿死亡率的变化情况。
说明引起变化的各种原因。
Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.
Health Gains in Developing Countries
In the developing countries great changes took place in life expectancy and infant mortality in the period from 1960 to 1990. In 1960 life expectancy was very low, while infant mortality was very high. However, in 1990 life expectancy increased, whereas infant mortality declined.
There are many reasons for the changes, but in general, they come down to three major reasons. First, their living conditions were improved. In the old days, people in the developing countries suffered from hunger and were exposed to the elements. Nowadays, they are well fed and housed. Naturally they live longer than before. Besides, the medical condition was also improved and so the adequate medical treatment ensures the adult’s health and reduces infant mortality. Most important of all, in the early 60s there were constant wars in some developing countries because of the colonial rule and so a lot of people were killed in wars. Nowadays most developing countries have become independent countries and their people live a peaceful life.
In conclusion, the national independence and social stability are responsible for these changes.
1997年6月全真试题
Directions:
For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: My View on Job-hopping. You should write no less than 120 words and you should base you composition on the following outline (given in Chinese)
1。 有人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为…..
2． 有人喜欢经常更换工作，因为…
3. 我的看法
My View on Job-hopping
There is no consensus of opinions among people as to job-hopping. Some people believe in the saying “A rolling stone gathers no moss”, so they will keep one job until retirement. Their belief is to take up one thing, like it and be good at it. And they absolutely believe that only by doing can they do it well and get the most from it.
By contrast, other people like to change jobs from time to time. In their opinion, the mere aim of doing a job is to earn enough money. So, wherever and whenever they have a chance to get a better-paid job, certainly they will jump on it.
My view on job-hopping falls between the two viewpoints expressed above. If I have a job that really fits me, I will do it all my life; no other job can attract me, no matter what the benefits may be. But if I don’t get a suitable job, I will keep on changing my job until I find one that is satisfactory. In short, I want to find a job that suits me regardless of money and other things.
1998年6月
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
有人认为某些数字会带来好运气
我认为数字和运气无关
Do “Lucky Numbers: Really Bring Good Luck?
Some people connect their good luck with numbers. Especially in China, people connect number 4 with satisfaction, number 6 smoothness, number 8 wealth and number 9 logevity. So these people try to do things on the lucky day and have things with the lucky numbers.
Do lucky numbers really bring good luck? My answer is no. One’s good luck is not brought by lucky numbers but diligence. Only through hard work, determination, a strong will and persistence can one achieve success. Cases in point are Edison, Einstein, Nobel, Chen Jingrun. They had worked very hard for many years until they made their inventions or discoveries which are of vital importance to people all over the world. So do not rely on your lucky numbers, work hard and good luck will come.
1999年1月全真试题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic :Don't Hesitate to Say “No”. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“不”。
2.为什么有些人在该说“不”的时候不说“不”。
3.该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处。
Don't Hesitate to Say “No”
Don't Hesitate to Say "No"
Being helpful is one of the virtues that people must possess. So when anyone is on difficulty, we should give him a hand. But under certain circumstances should we say "No " when we are asked for help. For example, when we are asked to de something illegal.
But it is very hard for some people to say "No" when they ought to. They can't very well refuse, because they are afraid of being regard as being miserly or inconsiderate and even afraid of being isolated from others. Deep down in their hearts, they are reluctant; they don't speak out what's on their mind.
Such kind of situation is harmful to both the giver and the receiver. To the giver, he doesn't take the full responsibility for what he done. His help may lead to the receiver's full dependence of others and sometimes even become a factor in helping the receiver go astray. So don't hesitate to say "No" when you ought to.
1999年6月全真试题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words, and base you composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.有人认为读书要有选择。
2.有人认为应当博览群书。
3.我的看法。
Reading Selectively or Extensively?
Knowledge is power. Everybody knows it. The main way for us students to gain knowledge is from the books. So some students argue that we should read extensively in order to know something about everything, thus broadening our knowledge and enriching experience.
As books are of different kinds and have different content, so some students argue that we should read selectively, that is to read those books which are of benefits both to our mind and body and dismiss those which are of no good to us.
As far as I am concerned, I think we should selectively do extensive reading. Knowledge is limitless while life is short. So we should make full use of our time to do the most effective reading and make the greatest to our motherland
2000年1月全真试题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance my College Education. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.上大学的费用（tuition and fees ）可以通过多种途径解决。
2.那种途径适合我（说明理由）
How I Finance My College Education
With the rapid development of higher education in China, and more high school graduates admitted, universities can no longer be financed exclusively by the government and students must
pay at least partly for their schooling.
There are various ways for a student to pay his tuition and fees. To begin with, if the student is quite excellent in his studies, he can apply for scholarship. Secondly, especially in China, he can always depend on his parents for all kinds of expenditure, including living allowances. Then, he can choose to turn to the bank for a loan to pay his way through university, which he can repay after graduation. If he finds all the above not desirable, he still had another road to take-to do a part-time job and work his way through.
In my case, I am fortunate enough to be born into a well-to-do family and have no difficulty having my parents pay for all my fees. But as a college student, I dislike a totally dependent existence, so I am working part-time as a newspaper-boy to help support myself. And I am also studying hard, hoping to win some scholarship or awards one day so that I can be wholly self-reliant and independent.
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